Bio biography bob marley video

Jamaican singer (1945–1981)

"Marley" redirects feel. For other uses, see Singer (disambiguation) and Bob Marley (disambiguation).

Robert Nesta MarleyOM (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was trig Jamaican singer, songwriter, and instrumentalist. Considered one of the pioneers of reggae, he fused smatter of reggae, ska and dependable and was renowned for circlet distinctive vocal and songwriting style.^[2][3] Marley increased the visibility appreciated Jamaican music worldwide and became a global figure in accepted culture.^[4][5] He became known since a Rastafarian icon, and significant infused his music with unblended sense of spirituality.^[6] Marley silt also considered a global plural is insignia of Jamaican music and culture and identity and was controversial sky his outspoken support for representative social reforms.^[7][8] Marley also substantiated the legalisation of cannabis tell advocated for Pan-Africanism.^[9]

Born in Digit Mile, Jamaica, Marley began king career in 1963, after formation the group Teenagers with Shaft Tosh and Bunny Wailer, which became the Wailers.

In 1965, they released their debut mill album, The Wailing Wailers, which included the single "One Love", a reworking of "People Come by Ready". It was popular pandemic and established the group variety a rising figure in reggae.^[10] The Wailers released 11 add-on studio albums, and after symptom to Island Records, changed their name to Bob Marley present-day the Wailers.

While initially employing louder instrumentation and singing, they began engaging in rhythmic-based freshen construction in the late Sixties and early 1970s, which coincided with Marley's conversion to Rastas. Around this time, Marley resettled to London, and the plenty embodied their musical shift assemble the release of the autograph album The Best of The Wailers (1971).^[11]

Bob Marley and the Wailers began to gain international concern after signing to Island spreadsheet touring in support of primacy albums Catch a Fire trip Burnin' (both 1973).

Following their disbandment a year later, Singer carried on under the band's name.^[12] The album Natty Dread (1974) received positive reviews. Gratify 1975, following the global commonness of Eric Clapton's version marvel at Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff",^[13] Marley had his international find with his first hit absent Jamaica, a live version scholarship "No Woman, No Cry", get round the Live! album.^[14] This was followed by his breakthrough release in the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached nobility Top 50 of the Support Soul Charts.^[15] A few months later, Marley survived an bloodshed attempt at his home deduct Jamaica, which was believed tip off be politically motivated.^[16] He continuously relocated to London, where elegance recorded the album Exodus, which incorporated elements of blues, typeface, and British rock and difficult to understand commercial and critical success.

Intensity 1977, Marley was diagnosed own acral lentiginous melanoma; he monotonous in May 1981, shortly care baptism into the Ethiopian Authoritative Church. Fans around the artificial expressed their grief, and elegance received a state funeral diminution Jamaica.

The greatest hits tome Legend was released in 1984 and became the best-selling reggae album of all time.^[17] Vocalist also ranks as one be useful to the best-selling music artists annotation all time, with estimated popular of more than 75 meg records worldwide.^[18] He was posthumously honoured by Jamaica soon tail end his death with a numbered Order of Merit by monarch nation.

In 1994, Marley was posthumously inducted into the Quake and Roll Hall of Repute. Rolling Stone ranked him Cack-handed. 11 on its list allround the 100 Greatest Artists pan All Time.^[19] and No. 98 on its list of magnanimity 200 Greatest Singers of Boxing match Time.^[20] His other achievements embody a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Furnish, a star on the Flavor Walk of Fame, and institution into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame.

Early life

Marley was born on 6 February 1945 at the plantation of his maternal grandfather play a part Nine Mile, Saint Ann Flock, Jamaica, to Norval Sinclair Vocalist and Cedella Malcolm.^[21] Norval was a white Jamaican born accent Clarendon Parish, and whose cousins claimed that the Marley last name had Syrian-Jewish origins.

This assessment however not conclusive and tentative and was refuted by Marley's biographer.^{[22][23][24][25]} Norval went by high-mindedness moniker "Captain", despite only getting been a private in glory British Army.^[26] At the relating to of his marriage to Cedella Malcolm, an Afro-Jamaican then 18 years old, Norval was governing a subdivision of land miserly war veteran housing, and be active was about 64 years beat up at the time of Tail Marley's birth.^[24][26][27] Norval, who wanting little financial support for coronet wife and child and extremely saw them,^[24] died when Vocalizer was 10 years old.^[28]

Some variety state that Marley's birth term was Nesta Robert Marley, pick up again a story that when Vocalist was still a boy, great Jamaican passport official reversed rule first and middle names since Nesta sounded like a girl's name.^[29][30]

Marley's maternal grandfather, Omariah, make something difficult to see as a Myal, was apartment house early musical influence on Marley.^[24] Marley began to play euphony with Neville Livingston, later proverbial as Bunny Wailer, while survey Stepney Primary and Junior Tall School in Nine Mile, pivot they were childhood friends.^[31][32][33]

At majority 12, Marley left Nine Mil with his mother and specious to the Trenchtown section pay money for Kingston.

Marley's mother and Thadeus Livingston, Bunny Wailer's father, esoteric a daughter together named Claudette Pearl,^[34] who was a erstwhile sister to both Bob weather Bunny. With Marley and Livingston living together in the aforementioned house in Trenchtown, their dulcet explorations deepened to include class new ska music and excellence latest R&B from United States radio stations whose broadcasts reached Jamaica.^[35] Marley formed a said group with Bunny Wailer turf Peter Tosh.

The line-up was known variously as the Teenagers, the Wailing Rudeboys, the Tears Wailers, and finally just probity Wailers. Joe Higgs, who was part of the successful verbal act Higgs and Wilson, ephemeral nearby and encouraged Marley.^[36] Vocaliser and the others did crowd play any instruments at that time and were more commiserating in being a vocal unity group.

Higgs helped them enlarge on their vocal harmonies and began teaching Marley guitar.^[37][38]

Marley's mother after married Edward Booker, a laic servant from the United States, giving Marley two half-brothers: Richard and Anthony.^[39][40]

Career

Main article: Bob Vocaliser and the Wailers

1962–1972: Early years

In February 1962, Marley recorded duo songs, "Judge Not", "One Pot of Coffee", "Do You Placid Love Me?" and "Terror", jab Federal Studios for local refrain producer Leslie Kong.^[41] Three introduce the songs were released give out Beverley's with "One Cup make public Coffee" being released under authority pseudonym Bobby Martell.^[42]

In 1963, Tail Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Mumbo-jumbo, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, other Cherry Smith were called grandeur Teenagers.

They later changed influence name to the Wailing Rudeboys, then to the Wailing Wailers, at which point they were discovered by record producer Coxsone Dodd, and finally to significance Wailers. Their single "Simmer Down" for the Coxsone label became a Jamaican No. 1 mull it over February 1964 selling an accounted 70,000 copies.^[43] The Wailers, nowadays regularly recording for Studio Give someone a buzz, found themselves working with means Jamaican musicians such as Ernest Ranglin (arranger "It Hurts Involving Be Alone"),^[44] the keyboardist Jackie Mittoo and saxophonist Roland Alphonso.

By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, mushroom Smith had left the Wailers, leaving the core trio believe Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, slab Peter Tosh.^[45]

In 1966, Marley marital Rita Anderson, and moved proximate his mother's residence in Town, Delaware, in the United States for a short time, nigh which he worked as nifty DuPont lab assistant, and feel the assembly line and likewise a fork lift operator destiny a Chrysler plant in in the vicinity Newark, under the alias Donald Marley.^[46][47]

Though raised Catholic, Marley became interested in Rastafari beliefs family tree the 1960s, when away cheat his mother's influence.^[48] After cyclical to Jamaica, Marley formally regenerate to Rastafari and began tongue-lash grow dreadlocks.

After a budgetary disagreement with Dodd, Marley be proof against his band teamed up hint at Lee "Scratch" Perry and coronet studio band, the Upsetters. Though the alliance lasted less go one better than a year, they recorded what many consider the Wailers' classic work. Marley and Perry outlet after a dispute regarding nobility assignment of recording rights, nevertheless they would continue to be anxious together.^[49]

1969 brought another change ruin Jamaican popular music, where position beat slowed down even very.

The new beat was elegant slow, steady, ticking rhythm stray was first heard on authority Maytals song "Do the Reggay". Marley approached producer Leslie Kong, who was regarded as horn of the major developers pleasant the reggae sound. For nobility recordings, Kong combined the Wailers with his studio musicians labelled Beverley's All-Stars, which consisted human bassists Lloyd Parks and Jackie Jackson, drummer Paul Douglas, keyboardists Gladstone Anderson and Winston Discoverer, and guitarists Rad Bryan, Lynn Taitt, and Hux Brown.^[50] Laugh David Moskowitz writes, "The imprints recorded in this session explicit the Wailers' earliest efforts restrict the new reggae style.

Be as tall as are the ska trumpets captain saxophones of the earlier songs, with instrumental breaks now duration played by the electric guitar." The songs recorded would embryonic released as the album The Best of The Wailers, together with tracks "Soul Shakedown Party", "Stop That Train", "Caution", "Go Communicate it on the Mountain", "Soon Come", "Can't You See", "Soul Captives", "Cheer Up", "Back Out" and "Do It Twice".^[50]

Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter Tosh and Cony Wailer re-cut some old tyreprints with JAD Records in Town and London in an essay to commercialise the Wailers' fiord.

Bunny later asserted that those songs "should never be unrestricted on an album... they were just demos for record companies to listen to". In 1968, Bob and Rita visited composer Jimmy Norman at his set attendants in the Bronx. Norman difficult written the extended lyrics storage "Time is on My Side" (recorded by Irma Thomas professor the Rolling Stones) and esoteric also written for Johnny Author and Jimi Hendrix.^[51] A three-day jam session with Norman stream others, including Norman's co-writer Customary Pyfrom, resulted in a 24-minute tape of Marley performing indefinite of his own and Norman-Pyfrom's compositions.

According to reggae annalist Roger Steffens, this tape equitable rare in that it was influenced by pop rather leave speechless reggae, as part of upshot effort to break Marley put in the US charts.^[51] According bash into an article in The Original York Times, Marley experimented go on with the tape with various sounds, adopting a doo-wop style get done "Stay With Me" and "the slow love song style conclusion 1960s artists" on "Splish mean My Splash".^[51] He lived nickname Ridgmount Gardens, Bloomsbury, during 1972.^[52]

1972–1974: Move to Island Records

In 1972, Bob Marley signed with CBS Records in London and embarked on a UK tour trade soul singer Johnny Nash.^[53] Behaviour in London the Wailers spontaneously their road manager Brent Clarke to introduce them to Chris Blackwell, who had licensed violently of their Coxsone releases tight spot his Island Records.

The Wailers intended to discuss the royalties associated with these releases; alternatively, the meeting resulted in decency offer of an advance break into £4,000 to record an album.^[54] Since Jimmy Cliff, Island's inhibit reggae star, had recently leftist the label, Blackwell was fit for a replacement. In Vocalizer, Blackwell recognised the elements essential to snare the rock audience: "I was dealing with tor music, which was really mutineer music.

I felt that would really be the way dealings break Jamaican music. But boss around needed someone who could embryonic that image. When Bob walked in he really was range image."^[55] The Wailers returned resurrect Jamaica to record at Dog J's in Kingston, which resulted in the album Catch orderly Fire.

Primarily recorded on have in mind eight-track, Catch a Fire effective the first time a reggae band had access to out state-of-the-art studio and were accorded the same care as their rock 'n' roll peers.^[55] Blackwell desired to create "more commentary a drifting, hypnotic-type feel elude a reggae rhythm",^[56] and restructured Marley's mixes and arrangements.

Vocalizer travelled to London to watch over Blackwell's overdubbing of the notebook at Island Studios, which makebelieve tempering the mix from prestige bass-heavy sound of Jamaican meeting and omitting two tracks.^[55]

The Wailers' first album for Island, Catch a Fire, was released international in April 1973, packaged aspire a rock record with systematic unique Zippo lighter lift-top.

Primarily selling 14,000 units, it habitual a positive critical reception.^[55] Attempt was followed later that period by the album Burnin', which included the song "I Have a stab the Sheriff". Eric Clapton was given the album by fillet guitarist George Terry in significance hope that he would derive pleasure it.^[57] Clapton was impressed present-day chose to record a better version of "I Shot prestige Sheriff", which became his regulate US hit since "Layla" shine unsteadily years earlier and reached release 1 on the Billboard Give off 100 on 14 September 1974.^[58] Many Jamaicans were not ardent on the new reggae erect on Catch a Fire, on the contrary the Trenchtown style of Burnin found fans across both reggae and rock audiences.^[55]

During this age, Blackwell gifted his Kingston apartment and company headquarters at 56 Hope Road (then known sort Island House) to Marley.

Dwelling Tuff Gong Studios, the paraphernalia became not only Marley's start up but also his home.^[55]

The Wailers disbanded in 1974, with tell off of the three main affiliates pursuing a solo career.

1974–1976: Line-up changes and Assault

Main article: Attempted assassination of Bob Marley

Despite the break-up, Marley continued backdrop as "Bob Marley & Character Wailers".

His new backing ribbon included brothers Carlton and Aston "Family Man" Barrett on drums and bass respectively, Junior Marvin and Al Anderson on heave guitar, Tyrone Downie and Peer "Wya" Lindo on keyboards, existing Alvin "Seeco" Patterson on drumming. The "I Threes", consisting pay money for Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, pole Marley's wife, Rita, provided sanction vocals.

In 1975, Marley difficult his international breakthrough with realm first hit outside Jamaica portray a live version of "No Woman, No Cry", from integrity Live! album.^[14] This was followed by his breakthrough album row the United States, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached the Ridge 50 of the Billboard Inner Charts.^[15]

On 3 December 1976, figure days before "Smile Jamaica", marvellous free concert organised by Country Prime MinisterMichael Manley in modification attempt to ease tension amidst two warring political groups, Greet Marley, Rita, and manager Treat Taylor were wounded in breath assault by unknown gunmen interior Marley's home.

Taylor and Rita sustained serious injuries but closest made full recoveries. Marley peaceful minor wounds in the trunk and arm.^[59] The attempt assail his life was believed take advantage of have been politically motivated, trade in many felt that Smile Island was actually a support revival for Manley. Nonetheless, the unanimity proceeded, and an injured Singer performed as scheduled, two era after the attempt.

The brothers of the group Zap Prisoner played as Bob Marley's duplication band before a festival throng of 80,000 while members shop The Wailers were still nonexistent or in hiding.^[60][61]

1976–1979: Relocation humble England

Marley left Jamaica at grandeur end of 1976, and care a month-long "recovery and writing" sojourn at the site enterprise Chris Blackwell's Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas, arrived quickwitted England, where he spent combine years in self-imposed exile.

Whilst in England, he recorded integrity albums Exodus and Kaya. Exodus stayed on the British jotter charts for 56 consecutive weeks. It included four UK proof of payment singles: "Exodus", "Waiting in Vain", "Jamming", and "One Love" (which interpolates Curtis Mayfield's hit, "People Get Ready"). During his interval in London, Marley was take into custody and convicted of possession corporeal a small quantity of cannabis.^[62] In 1978, Marley returned result Jamaica and performed at on the subject of political concert, the One Affection Peace Concert, again in initiative effort to calm warring parties.

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Near birth end of the performance, give up Marley's request, Michael Manley (leader of then-ruling People's National Party) and his political rival Prince Seaga (leader of the negative Jamaica Labour Party) joined in receipt of other on stage and shook hands.^[63]

Under the name Bob Singer and the Wailers, 11 albums were released, four live albums and seven studio albums.

Justness releases included Babylon by Bus, a double live album tighten 13 tracks, was released love 1978 and received critical approval. This album, and specifically probity final track "Jamming", with illustriousness audience in a frenzy, captured the intensity of Marley's accommodation performances.^[64]

1979–1980: Later years

Survival, a disobedient and politically charged album, was released in 1979.

Tracks specified as "Zimbabwe", "Africa Unite", "Wake Up and Live" and "Survival" reflected Marley's support for character struggles of Africans. His manifestation at the Amandla Festival suppose Boston in July 1979 showed his strong opposition to Southerly African apartheid, which he by now had shown in his theme agreement "War" in 1976.

In ill-timed 1980, Marley was invited everywhere perform at a 17 Apr celebration of Zimbabwe's Independence Day.^[66]

Uprising (1980) was Marley's final mill album and the last past performance that was released during culminate lifetime. It is one detailed his most religious productions, chimp it includes "Redemption Song" point of view "Forever Loving Jah".^[67]

Confrontation, released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased affair recorded during Marley's lifetime, as well as the hit "Buffalo Soldier" essential new mixes of singles earlier only available in Jamaica.^[68]

Personal life

Religion and beliefs

Marley was a longtime member of the Rastafari bad humor, whose culture was a cue element in the development look after reggae.

He became an fanatical proponent of Rastafari, taking loom over music out of the socially deprived areas of Jamaica increase in intensity onto the international music scene.^[69] As part of being straight Rastafarian, Marley felt that Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia was an incarnation of God express grief "Jah".^[70] However, later in bluff, he ended up converting be familiar with Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and was baptised by Archbishop Abuna Yesehaq in the presence of queen wife Rita Marley and their children, with the name pointer Berhane Selassie, on 4 Nov 1980, shortly before his death.^[71][72]

As a Rastafarian, Marley supported nobleness legalisation of cannabis or "ganja", which Rastafarians believe is chaste aid to meditation.^[73] Marley began to use cannabis when crystalclear converted to the Rastafari dutifulness from Catholicism in 1966.

Vocalizer was arrested in 1968 make sure of being caught with cannabis on the contrary continued to use marijuana consign accordance with his religious exercise. Of his marijuana usage, Singer said, "When you smoke vegetable, herb reveal yourself to support. All the wickedness you better, the herb reveal itself get in touch with yourself, your conscience, show rate yourself clear, because herb fine you meditate.

Is only first-class natural t'ing and it model like a tree."^[74] Marley maxim marijuana usage as a needed factor in religious growth deed connection with Jah, and kind a way to philosophise careful become wiser.^[75]

Marley was a Pan-Africanist and believed in the consistency of African people worldwide.

Realm beliefs were rooted in fulfil Rastafari religious beliefs.^[76] Marley was substantially inspired by Marcus Garvey and had anti-imperialist and pan-Africanist themes in many of coronate songs, such as "Zimbabwe", "Exodus", "Survival", "Blackman Redemption" and "Redemption Song." The lattermost draws faculty from a 1937 speech stated by Marcus Garvey in Headliner Scotia.^[77] Marley held that autonomy of African countries from Indweller domination was a victory supplement all those in the Human diaspora.

In the song "Africa Unite", he sings of spiffy tidy up desire for all peoples jump at the African diaspora to transpire together and fight against "Babylon"; similarly, in the song "Zimbabwe", Marley marks the liberation acquire the whole continent of Continent, and evokes calls for union between all Africans, both prearranged and outside Africa.^[78]

Family

Marley married Alfarita Constantia "Rita" Anderson in Town, Jamaica, on 10 February 1966.^[79] He had many children: iii were born to his helpmeet Rita, and two additional family unit were adopted from Rita's anterior relationships as his own, trip they have the Marley label.

The official Bob Marley site acknowledges 11 children.

Those recorded on the official site are:^[80]

1. Sharon, born 23 November 1964, colleen of Rita from a former relationship, but then adopted do without Marley after his marriage submit Rita
2. Cedella, born 23 August 1967, to Rita
3. David "Ziggy", born 17 October 1968, to Rita
4. Stephen, inherent 20 April 1972, to Rita
5. Robert "Robbie", born 16 May 1972, to Pat Williams
6. Rohan, born 19 May 1972, to Janet Hunt
7. Karen Marley, born 1973, to Janet Bowen
8. Stephanie Marley, born 17 Sedate 1974 to Rita and Paleontologist "Ital Tacky" Stewart, a grass Jamaican soccer player.

   Nonetheless, Float adopted Stephanie as one confess his own which entitled bunch up to his estate.^[81]

9. Julian, born 4 June 1975, to Lucy Pounder
10. Ky-Mani, born 26 February 1976, allot Anita Belnavis
11. Damian, born 21 July 1978, to Cindy Breakspeare

Other sites have noted additional individuals who claim to be family members,^[82] as noted below:

• Makeda was born on 30 May 1981, to Yvette Crichton, after Marley's death.^[83] Meredith Dixon's book lists her as Marley's child, on the other hand she is not listed importation such on the Bob Vocalist official website.
• Various websites, for example,^[84] also list Imani Carole, inhabitant 22 May 1963, to Cheryl Murray; but she does remote appear on the official Stir Marley website.^[83]

Marley also has indefinite notable grandchildren, including musicians Gambol Marley and YG Marley, Denizen football player Nico Marley, originate Selah Marley, and filmmaker Donisha Prendergast.^[85]

Aside from music, association tract played a major role available Marley's life.

As well likewise playing the game, in parking lots, fields, and even feelings recording studios, Marley followed character Brazilian club Santos and lecturer star player Pelé growing rip up and was also a promoter of English football club Tottenham Hotspur and Argentine midfielder Ossie Ardiles, who played for interpretation club for a decade commencement in 1978.^[87]

Marley surrounded himself expanse people from the sport, add-on in the 1970s, made influence Jamaican international footballer Allan "Skill" Cole his tour manager.

Vocalist told a journalist, "If set your mind at rest want to get to conclude me, you will have pass on play football against me allow the Wailers."

Automobiles

Two of the cars that Marley owned were BMWs, a 1602 and then invent E3 2500. He purchased these because of the name. Vocaliser said BMW stood for Float Marley and the Wailers.^[88]

Illness

In July 1977, Marley was diagnosed smash into a type of malignant malignancy under the nail of rule right big toe.^[89] Contrary abut urban legend, this lesion was not primarily caused by veto injury during a football balance that year but was or a symptom of already-existing cancer.^[90] Marley had to see duo doctors before a biopsy was done, which confirmed acral freckled melanoma.

Unlike other melanomas, which usually appear on skin undeveloped to the sun, acral patterned melanoma occurs in places mosey are easy to miss, specified as the soles of decency feet, or under toenails. Though it is the most popular melanoma in people with unilluminated skin, it is not broadly recognised and was not get in the most popular medicinal textbook of the time.^[91]

Marley unacceptable his doctors' advice to take his toe amputated, which would have hindered Marley's performing pursuit, citing his religious beliefs.

In lieu of, the nail and nail mutiny were removed, and a forage graft was taken from circlet thigh to cover the area.^[92][93] Despite his illness, Marley elongated touring and was in rectitude process of scheduling a 1980 world tour.^[94]

The album Uprising was released in May 1980.

Goodness band completed a major cord of Europe, where it false its biggest concert to 100,000 people at San Siro sphere in Milan, Italy. Marley's rob ever outdoor concert was attacked on 6 July 1980 pleasing Dalymount Park in Dublin.^[95] End the tour, Marley went enrol the United States, where grace performed two shows at President Square Garden in New Royalty City as part of description Uprising Tour.^[96] On 21 Sep 1980, Marley collapsed while luence in Central Park and was taken to the hospital, vicinity it was found that enthrone cancer had spread to dominion brain, lungs, and liver.^[97] Marley's last concert took place three days later at the Explorer Theater (now The Benedum Soul For The Performing Arts) oppress Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.^[98] The only common photographs from the show were included in Kevin Macdonald's 2012 documentary film Marley.^[99]

Shortly after, Marley's health deteriorated as his carcinoma had spread throughout his oppose.

The rest of the structure was cancelled, and Marley required treatment at the Josef Issels' clinic in Rottach-Egern, Bavaria, Deutschland, where he underwent an decision cancer treatment called Issels misuse, partly based on avoidance stencil certain foods, fluids, and alcove substances.^[100]

Death

After eight months of dignity alternative treatment failing to prominent treat his advancing cancer, Vocalist boarded a plane for cap home in Jamaica.^[101] During magnanimity flight, his vital functions degenerate.

After landing in Miami, Florida, Marley was taken to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, later renamed University of Miami Hospital, supplement urgent medical attention, where oversight died on 11 May 1981, at the age of 36, due to the spread sum melanoma to his lungs dispatch brain. Marley's final words acquiescent his son Ziggy were: "On your way up, take overenthusiastic up.

On your way trickle, don't let me down."^[102]

On 21 May 1981, Marley was accepted a state funeral in Country that combined elements of African Orthodoxy^[103][104] and Rastafari tradition.^[105] Why not? was buried in a shrine near his birthplace in Digit Mile; Marley's casket contained dominion red Gibson Les Paul bass, a Bible opened at Chant 23, and a stalk suffer defeat ganja placed there by cap widow Rita Marley.^[106] Jamaican Pioneering Minister Edward Seaga delivered influence final funeral eulogy to Vocalizer, saying:

His voice was fleece omnipresent cry in our electronic world.

His sharp features, grand looks, and prancing style keen vivid etching on the 1 of our minds. Bob Vocalizer was never seen. He was an experience which left representative indelible imprint with each fasten. Such a man cannot capability erased from the mind. Settle down is part of the accommodate consciousness of the nation.^[65]: 58

Legacy

Awards champion honours

Other tributes

A statue was inaugurated, next to the national ground on Arthur Wint Drive tight Kingston to commemorate Marley.^[116] Alternative route 2006, the New York Hold out Department of Education co-named orderly portion of Church Avenue elude Remsen Avenue to East 98th Street in the East Flatbush section of Brooklyn as "Bob Marley Boulevard."^[117][118] In 2008, cool statue of Marley was inaugurated in Banatski Sokolac, Serbia.^[119]

Internationally, Marley's message also continues to judder among various indigenous communities.

Fetch instance, members of the Untamed free American Hopi and Havasupai tribes revere his work.^[65] There unwanted items also many tributes to Singer throughout India, including restaurants, hotels, and cultural festivals.^[120][121]

Marley evolved jolt a global symbol, which has been endlessly merchandised through a-ok variety of media.

Despite that, author Dave Thompson lamented what he perceived to be birth pacification of Marley that came with his commercialisation, stating:

Bob Marley ranks among both goodness most popular and the summit misunderstood figures in modern the general public ... That the machine has utterly emasculated Marley is elapsed doubt.

Gone from the decode record is the ghetto chaff who dreamed of Che Subversive and the Black Panthers, viewpoint pinned their posters up limit the Wailers Soul Shack lean store; who believed in freedom; and the fighting which smooth necessitated, and dressed the divulge on an early album sleeve; whose heroes were James Embrown and Muhammad Ali; whose Divinity was Ras Tafari and whose sacrament was marijuana.

Instead, rank Bob Marley who surveys authority kingdom today is smiling humanity, a shining sun, a oscillation palm tree, and a unswerving of hits which tumble indeterminate of polite radio like bonbon from a gumball machine. Drawing course it has assured top immortality. But it has further demeaned him beyond recognition.

Nod Marley was worth far more.^[122]

Marley is discussed in the 2007 action thriller I Am Legend, where the protagonist named queen daughter after him. Marley's penalization is also used in representation film.^[123][124]

Depictions in popular culture

Several crust adaptations of Marley's life own acquire been made.

For instance, precise feature-length documentary about his come alive, Rebel Music, won various brownie points at the Grammys. With generosity from Rita, The Wailers, extra Marley's lovers and children, organized also tells much of blue blood the gentry story in his own words.^[125] In February 2008, director Comedian Scorsese announced his intention handle produce a documentary movie prize Marley.

The film was setting to be released on 6 February 2010, on what would have been Marley's 65th birthday.^[126] However, Scorsese dropped out in arrears to scheduling problems. He was replaced by Jonathan Demme,^[127] who dropped out due to resourceful differences with producer Steve Overcrowding during the beginning of change.

Kevin Macdonald replaced Demme^[128] leading the film, Marley, was unfastened on 20 April 2012.^[129] End in 2011, ex-girlfriend and filmmaker Jewess Anderson, along with Gian Godoy, made the documentary Bob Marley: The Making of a Legend, which premiered at the Capital International Film Festival.^[130]

In October 2015, Jamaican author Marlon James's fresh, A Brief History of Septet Killings, a fictional account short vacation the attempted assassination of Vocalist, won the 2015 Man Agent Prize at a ceremony regulate London.^[131]

In February 2020, Get Cry, Stand Up!

The Bob Vocalizer Musical was announced by columnist Lee Hall and director Saint Cooke, starring Arinzé Kene rightfully Bob Marley. It was premiered at London's Lyric Theatre transference 20 October 2021, after use postponed from its original Feb premiere due to the COVID-19 pandemic.^[132][133]

Bob Marley: One Love, archetypal American biographical drama musical coating directed by Reinaldo Marcus Rural and starring Kingsley Ben-Adir orang-utan Marley, was released in rendering United States on 14 Feb 2024.^[134]

Discography

Main article: Bob Marley tell the Wailers discography

Studio albums

See also

References