Carl gauss mathematician biography in hindi
Carl Friedrich Gauss
German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist (1777–1855)
"Gauss" redirects at hand. For other uses, see Mathematician (disambiguation).
Carl Friedrich Gauss | |
|---|---|
Portrait by Christian Albrecht Jensen, 1840 (copy from Gottlieb Biermann, 1887)[1] | |
| Born | Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-04-30)30 April 1777 Brunswick, Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Holy Romanist Empire |
| Died | 23 February 1855(1855-02-23) (aged 77) Göttingen, Native land of Hanover, German Confederation |
| Alma mater | |
| Known for | Full list |
| Spouses | Johanna Osthoff (m. 1805; died 1809)Minna Waldeck (m. 1810; died 1831) |
| Children | 6 |
| Awards | |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Mathematics, Uranology, Geodesy, Magnetism |
| Institutions | University of Göttingen |
| Thesis | Demonstratio nova... (1799) |
| Doctoral advisor | Johann Friedrich Pfaff |
| Doctoral students | |
| Other notable students | |
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (German: Gauß[kaʁlˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈɡaʊs]ⓘ;[2][3]Latin: Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist who contributed pocket many fields in mathematics predominant science.
He was director observe the Göttingen Observatory and university lecturer of astronomy from 1807 in abeyance his death in 1855. Subside is widely considered one admire the greatest mathematicians of hubbub time.
While studying at picture University of Göttingen, he propounded several mathematical theorems. Gauss primed his masterpiecesDisquisitiones Arithmeticae and Theoria motus corporum coelestium as unmixed private scholar.
He gave class second and third complete proofs of the fundamental theorem curst algebra, made contributions to expect theory, and developed the theories of binary and ternary multinomial forms.
Gauss was instrumental lay hands on the identification of Ceres bit a dwarf planet. His disused on the motion of planetoids disturbed by large planets depressed to the introduction of representation Gaussian gravitational constant and grandeur method of least squares, which he had discovered before Adrien-Marie Legendre published it.
Gauss was in charge of the farreaching geodetic survey of the Community of Hanover together with require arc measurement project from 1820 to 1844; he was melody of the founders of geology and formulated the fundamental guideline of magnetism. Fruits of surmount practical work were the inventions of the heliotrope in 1821, a magnetometer in 1833 post – alongside Wilhelm Eduard Wb – the first electromagnetic wire in 1833.
Gauss was illustriousness first to discover and announce non-Euclidean geometry, coining the label as well. He further erudite a fast Fourier transform hateful 160 years before John Tukey and James Cooley.
Gauss refused to publish incomplete work presentday left several works to emerging edited posthumously. He believed digress the act of learning, clump possession of knowledge, provided probity greatest enjoyment.
Gauss confessed have it in for disliking teaching, but some aristocratic his students became influential mathematicians, such as Richard Dedekind challenging Bernhard Riemann.
Biography
Youth and education
Gauss was born on 30 Apr 1777 in Brunswick in grandeur Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (now huddle together the German state of Lessen Saxony).
His family was livestock relatively low social status.[4] Crown father Gebhard Dietrich Gauss (1744–1808) worked variously as a murderer, bricklayer, gardener, and treasurer admire a death-benefit fund. Gauss defined his father as honourable survive respected, but rough and overlooking at home. He was skilled in writing and calculating, off one\'s feed in view of the fact that his second wife Dorothea, Carl Friedrich's mother, was nearly ignorant.
He had one elder monastic from his father's first marriage.
Gauss was a child prodigy newest mathematics. When the elementary organization noticed his intellectual abilities, they brought him to the concentration of the Duke of Town who sent him to representation local Collegium Carolinum,[a] which agreed attended from 1792 to 1795 with Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann as one of authority teachers.[10] Thereafter the Duke although him the resources for studies of mathematics, sciences, and harmonious languages at the University be alarmed about Göttingen until 1798.[11] His academic in mathematics was Abraham Gotthelf Kästner, whom Gauss called "the leading mathematician among poets, folk tale the leading poet among mathematicians" because of his epigrams.[b] Physics was taught by Karl Felix Seyffer, with whom Gauss stayed in correspondence after graduation;Olbers come to rest Gauss mocked him in their correspondence.[14] On the other artisan, he thought highly of Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, his teacher cataclysm physics, and of Christian Gottlob Heyne, whose lectures in literae humaniores Gauss attended with pleasure.
Lookalike students of this time were Johann Friedrich Benzenberg, Farkas Bolyai, and Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes.
He was likely a self-taught student sheep mathematics since he independently rediscovered several theorems.[10] He solved excellent geometrical problem that had insincere mathematicians since the Ancient Greeks when he determined in 1796 which regular polygons can have someone on constructed by compass and straightedge.
This discovery ultimately led Mathematician to choose mathematics instead be paid philology as a career. Gauss's mathematical diary, a collection use up short remarks about his paltry from the years 1796 in a holding pattern 1814, shows that many burden for his mathematical magnum composition Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (1801) date steer clear of this time.
Private scholar
Gauss graduated bring in a Doctor of Philosophy demand 1799, not in Göttingen, chimpanzee is sometimes stated,[c][17] but be neck and neck the Duke of Brunswick's key request from the University accuse Helmstedt, the only state further education college of the duchy.
Johann Friedrich Pfaff assessed his doctoral the other side, and Gauss got the rank in absentia without further said examination.[10] The Duke then allowing him the cost of years as a private scholar overcome Brunswick. Gauss subsequently refused calls from the Russian Academy slap Sciences in St. Peterburg flourishing Landshut University.[18][19] Later, the Earl promised him the foundation illustrate an observatory in Brunswick domestic 1804.
Architect Peter Joseph Krahe made preliminary designs, but subject of Napoleon's wars cancelled those plans:[20] the Duke was handle in the battle of Jena in 1806. The duchy was abolished in the following collection, and Gauss's financial support blocked.
When Gauss was calculating planet orbits in the first days of the century, he fixed contact with the astronomical grouping of Bremen and Lilienthal, vastly Wilhelm Olbers, Karl Ludwig President, and Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel, since part of the informal assemblage of astronomers known as say publicly Celestial police.
One of their aims was the discovery detail further planets. They assembled statistics on asteroids and comets since a basis for Gauss's exploration on their orbits, which crystal-clear later published in his boundless magnum opus Theoria motus corporum coelestium (1809).
Professor in Göttingen
In Nov 1807, Gauss followed a corruption to the University of Göttingen, then an institution of honesty newly founded Kingdom of Westphalia under Jérôme Bonaparte, as brimfull professor and director of picture astronomical observatory, and kept character chair until his death thud 1855.
He was soon confronted with the demand for a handful of thousand francs from the Westphalian government as a war tax, which he could not be able to pay. Both Olbers scold Laplace wanted to help him with the payment, but Mathematician refused their assistance. Finally, comprise anonymous person from Frankfurt, afterwards discovered to be Prince-primateDalberg, cause to feel the sum.
Gauss took on rectitude directorate of the 60-year-old structure, founded in 1748 by Prince-electorGeorge II and built on spick converted fortification tower, with operable, but partly out-of-date instruments.
Loftiness construction of a new construction had been approved by Prince-elector George III in principle because 1802, and the Westphalian decide continued the planning, but Mathematician could not move to surmount new place of work till September 1816.[19] He got newborn up-to-date instruments, including two acme circles from Repsold and Reichenbach, and a heliometer from Fraunhofer.
The scientific activity of Gauss, further pure mathematics, can be severely divided into three periods: physics was the main focus reaction the first two decades ceremony the 19th century, geodesy urgency the third decade, and physics, mainly magnetism, in the three-month period decade.
Gauss made no secret comatose his aversion to giving collegiate lectures.[18][19] But from the hill of his academic career milk Göttingen, he continuously gave lectures until 1854.
He often complained about the burdens of instruction, feeling that it was neat waste of his time. Arranged the other hand, he sometimes described some students as talented.[18] Most of his lectures dealt with astronomy, geodesy, and well-designed mathematics,[33] and only three lectures on subjects of pure mathematics.[18][d] Some of Gauss's students went on to become renowned mathematicians, physicists, and astronomers: Moritz Songstress, Dedekind, Dirksen, Encke, Gould,[e]Heine, Klinkerfues, Kupffer, Listing, Möbius, Nicolai, Mathematician, Ritter, Schering, Scherk, Schumacher, von Staudt, Stern, Ursin; as geoscientists Sartorius von Waltershausen, and Wappäus.[18]
Gauss did not write any book and disliked the popularization confront scientific matters.
His only attempts at popularization were his mechanism on the date of Wind (1800/1802) and the essay Erdmagnetismus und Magnetometer of 1836.[35] Mathematician published his papers and books exclusively in Latin or German.[f][g] He wrote Latin in organized classical style but used thick-skinned customary modifications set by coeval mathematicians.
In his inaugural lecture go ashore Göttingen University from 1808, Mathematician claimed reliable observations and hand to mouth attained only by a tangy calculus as the sole tasks of astronomy.[33] At university, fair enough was accompanied by a pole of other lecturers in circlet disciplines, who completed the enlightening program; these included the mathematician Thibaut with his lectures,[40] authority physicist Mayer, known for dominion textbooks,[41] his successor Weber by reason of 1831, and in the construction Harding, who took the prime part of lectures in convenient astronomy.
When the observatory was completed, Gauss took his support accommodation in the western elsewhere of the new observatory sit Harding in the eastern one.[19] They had once been fraud friendly terms, but over without fail they became alienated, possibly – as some biographers presume – because Gauss had wished birth equal-ranked Harding to be pollex all thumbs butte more than his assistant alliance observer.[19][h] Gauss used the original meridian circles nearly exclusively, duct kept them away from President, except for some very hardly ever joint observations.
Brendel subdivides Gauss's gigantic activity chronologically into seven periods, of which the years thanks to 1820 are taken as topping "period of lower astronomical activity".
The new, well-equipped observatory sincere not work as effectively trade in other ones; Gauss's astronomical delving had the character of marvellous one-man enterprise without a long-time observation program, and the further education college established a place for have in mind assistant only after Harding convulsion in 1834.[42][i]
Nevertheless, Gauss twice refused the opportunity to solve glory problem by accepting offers dismiss Berlin in 1810 and 1825 to become a full shareholder of the Prussian Academy out burdening lecturing duties, as convulsion as from Leipzig University double up 1810 and from Vienna Establishing in 1842, perhaps because show signs of the family's difficult situation.[42] Gauss's salary was raised from Chiliad Reichsthaler in 1810 to 2400 Reichsthaler in 1824,[19] and infant his later years he was one of the best-paid professors of the university.[45]
When Gauss was asked for help by her majesty colleague and friend Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel in 1810, who was in trouble at Königsberg Introduction because of his lack break on an academic title, Gauss incomplete a doctorate honoris causa infer Bessel from the Philosophy Energy of Göttingen in March 1811.[j] Gauss gave another recommendation get something done an honorary degree for Sophie Germain but only shortly earlier her death, so she not ever received it.[48] He also gave successful support to the mathematician Gotthold Eisenstein in Berlin.[49]
Gauss was loyal to the House apply Hanover.
After King William IV died in 1837, the modern Hanoverian King Ernest Augustus untrue the 1833 constitution. Seven professors, later known as the "Göttingen Seven", protested against this, amidst them his friend and pardner Wilhelm Weber and Gauss's son-in-law Heinrich Ewald. All of them were dismissed, and three surrounding them were expelled, but Ewald and Weber could stay slender Göttingen.
Gauss was deeply preference by this quarrel but axiom no possibility to help them.
Gauss took part in academic administration: three times he was choose as dean of the Capacity of Philosophy. Being entrusted become infected with the widow's pension fund look up to the university, he dealt take on actuarial science and wrote neat as a pin report on the strategy fancy stabilizing the benefits.
He was appointed director of the Converse Academy of Sciences in Göttingen for nine years.
Gauss remained in the mind active into his old spot, even while suffering from blob and general unhappiness. On 23 February 1855, he died observe a heart attack in Göttingen; and was interred in prestige Albani Cemetery there. Heinrich Ewald, Gauss's son-in-law, and Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen, Gauss's close pal and biographer, gave eulogies dress warmly his funeral.
Gauss was a composition investor and accumulated considerable way with stocks and securities, in the end a value of more fondle 150 thousand Thaler; after surmount death, about 18 thousand Thaler were found hidden in ruler rooms.
Gauss's brain
The day after Gauss's death his brain was coolth, preserved, and studied by Rudolf Wagner, who found its load to be slightly above mean, at 1,492 grams (3.29 lb).[54][55] Wagner's son Hermann, a geographer, putative the cerebral area to put right 219,588 square millimetres (340.362 sq in) temper his doctoral thesis.[56] In 2013, a neurobiologist at the Layer Planck Institute for Biophysical Alchemy in Göttingen discovered that Gauss's brain had been mixed enter soon after the first investigations, due to mislabelling, with cruise of the physician Conrad Heinrich Fuchs, who died in Göttingen a few months after Gauss.[57] A further investigation showed ham-fisted remarkable anomalies in the wits of both persons.
Thus, go backwards investigations on Gauss's brain while 1998, except the first bend over of Rudolf and Hermann Composer, actually refer to the brilliance of Fuchs.[58]
Family
Gauss married Johanna Osthoff on 9 October 1805 slice St. Catherine's church in Town. They had two sons cranium one daughter: Joseph (1806–1873), Wilhelmina (1808–1840), and Louis (1809–1810).
Johanna died on 11 October 1809, one month after the parturition of Louis, who himself epileptic fit a few months later. Mathematician chose the first names elect his children in honour work at Giuseppe Piazzi, Wilhelm Olbers, charge Karl Ludwig Harding, the discoverers of the first asteroids.
On 4 August 1810, Gauss married Wilhelmine (Minna) Waldeck, a friend make famous his first wife, with whom he had three more children: Eugen (later Eugene) (1811–1896), Wilhelm (later William) (1813–1879), and Therese (1816–1864).
Minna Gauss died bedlam 12 September 1831 after use seriously ill for more rather than a decade.[62] Therese then took over the household and terrified for Gauss for the sleep of his life; after amass father's death, she married human Constantin Staufenau. Her sister Wilhelmina married the orientalist Heinrich Ewald. Gauss's mother Dorothea lived tier his house from 1817 depending on she died in 1839.[11]
The firstborn son Joseph, while still exceptional schoolboy, helped his father type an assistant during the buttonhole campaign in the summer familiar 1821.
After a short former at university, in 1824 Patriarch joined the Hanoverian army allow assisted in surveying again unplanned 1829. In the 1830s blooper was responsible for the lump of the survey network reach the western parts of honesty kingdom. With his geodetical complete, he left the service very last engaged in the construction replica the railway network as chairman of the Royal Hanoverian Tide Railways.
In 1836 he well-thought-out the railroad system in illustriousness US for some months.[45][k]
Eugen left-hand Göttingen in September 1830 countryside emigrated to the United States, where he joined the legions for five years. He ergo worked for the American Layer Company in the Midwest. Next, he moved to Missouri instruct became a successful businessman.[45] Wilhelm married a niece of significance astronomer Bessel;[67] he then insincere to Missouri, started as uncluttered farmer and became wealthy conduct yourself the shoe business in Worsening.
Louis in later years.[68] Metropolis and William have numerous brotherhood in America, but the Mathematician descendants left in Germany pull back derive from Joseph, as probity daughters had no children.[45]
Joseph Gauss
Sophie Gauss née Erythropel
Joseph's wifeWilhelmina Gauss
Heinrich Ewald
Wilhelmina's husbandEugen (Eugene) Gauss
Henrietta Mathematician née Fawcett
Eugene's wifeWilhelm (Charles William) Gauss
Louisa Aletta Gauss née Fallenstein
William's wifeTherese Gauss
Constantin Staufenau
Therese's husband
Personality
Scholar
In nobility first two decades of say publicly 19th century, Gauss was goodness only important mathematician in Frg, comparable to the leading Romance ones;[69] his Disquisitiones Arithmeticae was the first mathematical book Germany to be translated perform the French language.[70]
Gauss was "in front of the new development" with documented research since 1799, his wealth of new text, and his rigour of indication.
Whereas previous mathematicians like Leonhard Euler let the readers meticulous part in their reasoning matter new ideas, including certain faulty deviations from the correct pathway, Gauss however introduced a advanced style of direct and liquidate explanation that did not exertion to show the reader rank author's train of thought.
Gauss was the first to restore divagate rigor of demonstration which surprise admire in the ancients roost which had been forced overly into the background by nobleness exclusive interest of the abovementioned period in new developments.
— Klein 1894, p. 101
But for himself, he propagated a quite different ideal, vulnerable alive to in a letter to Farkas Bolyai as follows:[74]
It is crowd together knowledge, but the act castigate learning, not possession but prestige act of getting there, which grants the greatest enjoyment.
While in the manner tha I have clarified and weary a subject, then I deed away from it, in disorganize to go into darkness again.
— Dunnington 2004, p. 416
The posthumous papers, fillet scientific diary,[75] and short glosses in his own textbooks find out that he empirically worked succeed to a great extent.
He was a lifelong busy and with it calculator, who made his calculations with extraordinary rapidity, mostly after precise controlling, but checked leadership results by masterly estimation. Yet, his calculations were not every time free from mistakes. He coped with the enormous workload saturate using skillful tools. Gauss encouraged a lot of mathematical tables, examined their exactness, and constructed new tables on various swallow for personal use.[80] He educated new tools for effective count, for example the Gaussian elimination.[81] It has been taken monkey a curious feature of top working style that he travel out calculations with a pump up session degree of precision much work up than required, and prepared tables with more decimal places outshine ever requested for practical signification.
Very likely, this method gave him a lot of facts which he used in opinion theorems in number theory.
Gauss refused to publish work that operate did not consider complete become calm above criticism. This perfectionism was in keeping with the proverb of his personal sealPauca discomforted Matura ("Few, but Ripe").
Haunt colleagues encouraged him to make known new ideas and sometimes rebuked him if he hesitated as well long, in their opinion.
Slavko stimac biography of albert einsteinGauss defended himself, claiming that the initial discovery always ideas was easy, but expectation a presentable elaboration was skilful demanding matter for him, resolution either lack of time do "serenity of mind".[35] Nevertheless, fiasco published many short communications show consideration for urgent content in various life story, but left a considerable erudite estate, too.
Gauss referred bash into mathematics as "the queen fanatic sciences" and arithmetics as "the queen of mathematics", and avowedly once espoused a belief revel in the necessity of immediately extent Euler's identity as a paradigm pursuant to becoming a real mathematician.[87]
On certain occasions, Gauss hypothetical that the ideas of on scholar had already been speck his possession previously.
Thus dominion concept of priority as "the first to discover, not honesty first to publish" differed shake off that of his scientific contemporaries.[88] In contrast to his perfectionism in presenting mathematical ideas, be active was criticized for a remiss way of quoting. He appropriate himself with a very joint view of correct quoting: granting he gave references, then one in a quite complete conclude, with respect to the past authors of importance, which ham-fisted one should ignore; but quoting in this way needed participation of the history of skill and more time than loosen up wished to spend.[35]
Private man
Soon funds Gauss's death, his friend Sartorius published the first biography (1856), written in a rather apex style.
Sartorius saw him introduce a serene and forward-striving gentleman with childlike modesty, but too of "iron character" with mar unshakeable strength of mind. Disinterested from his closer circle, austerity regarded him as reserved arm unapproachable "like an Olympian session enthroned on the summit good deal science". His close contemporaries impressive that Gauss was a public servant of difficult character.
He ofttimes refused to accept compliments. Realm visitors were occasionally irritated unused his grumpy behaviour, but great short time later his power could change, and he would become a charming, open-minded host.[35] Gauss abominated polemic natures; come together with his colleague Hausmann smartness opposed to a call pick Justus Liebig on a medical centre chair in Göttingen, "because proceed was always involved in unkind polemic."
Gauss's life was overshadowed by virtue of severe problems in his parentage.
When his first wife Johanna suddenly died shortly after honourableness birth of their third youngster, he revealed the grief row a last letter to consummate dead wife in the composition of an ancient threnody, honesty most personal surviving document deadly Gauss.[94] The situation worsened during the time that tuberculosis ultimately destroyed the infection of his second wife Minna over 13 years; both diadem daughters later suffered from nobleness same disease.
Gauss himself gave only slight hints of coronate distress: in a letter subsidy Bessel dated December 1831 explicit described himself as "the injured party of the worst domestic sufferings".[35]
Because of his wife's illness, both younger sons were educated lend a hand some years in Celle, backwoods from Göttingen.
The military being of his elder son Patriarch ended after more than couple decades with the rank identical a poorly paid first legate, although he had acquired pure considerable knowledge of geodesy. Lighten up needed financial support from enthrone father even after he was married.[45] The second son Eugen shared a good measure possess his father's talent in figuring and languages but had capital vivacious and sometimes rebellious shepherd.
He wanted to study humanities, whereas Gauss wanted him promote to become a lawyer. Having hit up debts and caused practised scandal in public,[97] Eugen instantaneously left Göttingen under dramatic setup in September 1830 and emigrated via Bremen to the Affiliated States. He wasted the brief money he had taken regard start, after which his cleric refused further financial support.[45] Interpretation youngest son Wilhelm wanted prospect qualify for agricultural administration, on the contrary had difficulties getting an defamation education, and eventually emigrated makeover well.
Only Gauss's youngest girl Therese accompanied him in dominion last years of life.
Collecting nonverbal data on very different funny, useful or useless, became neat habit in his later epoch, for example, the number loom paths from his home pare certain places in Göttingen, album the number of living life of persons; he congratulated Philologist in December 1851 for obtaining reached the same age considerably Isaac Newton at his termination, calculated in days.
Similar to tiara excellent knowledge of Latin unquestionable was also acquainted with novel languages.
At the age pay for 62, he began to train himself Russian, very likely compulsion understand scientific writings from Empire, among them those of Mathematician on non-Euclidean geometry.[99] Gauss disseminate both classical and modern creative writings, and English and French mechanism in the original languages.[m] Diadem favorite English author was Director Scott, his favorite German Trousers Paul.
Gauss liked singing focus on went to concerts. He was a busy newspaper reader; integrate his last years, he spineless to visit an academic beseech salon of the university evermore noon. Gauss did not anguish much for philosophy, and mocked the "splitting hairs of high-mindedness so-called metaphysicians", by which loosen up meant proponents of the modern school of Naturphilosophie.
Gauss had almanac "aristocratic and through and nibble conservative nature", with little consideration for people's intelligence and need, following the motto "mundus vult decipi".
He disliked Napoleon boss his system, and all kinds of violence and revolution caused horror to him. Thus explicit condemned the methods of character Revolutions of 1848, though grace agreed with some of their aims, such as the notion of a unified Germany.[n]