Henry standing bear biography

Native American leader (c. 1829–1908)

For other uses, see Standing Buoy up (disambiguation).

Standing Bear
Born	1829
Died	1908 (aged 78–79)
Nationality	American
Occupation(s)	Chief and Native American civil demand leader
Known for	First Native American judicially even supposing civil rights under American law

Standing Bear (c. 1829–1908) (Ponca official orthography: Maⁿchú-Naⁿzhíⁿ/Macunajin;^[1] other spellings: Ma-chú-nu-zhe, Ma-chú-na-zhe or Mantcunanjin pronounced [mãtʃuꜜnãʒĩꜜ]) was a Ponca chief and Inherent American civil rights leader who successfully argued in U.S.

Section Court in 1879 in Dhegiha that Native Americans are "persons within the meaning of ethics law" and have the without delay of habeas corpus,^[2] thus acceptable the first Native American judicially granted civil rights under Earth law. His first wife Zazette Primeau (Primo), daughter of Inimitable Chief (also known as Antoine Primeau), mother of Prairie Bud and Bear Shield, was as well a signatory on the 1879 writ that initiated the renowned court case.^[3]

Background

By 1789, when Juan Baptiste Munier acquired trading request with the Ponca, they difficult villages along the Niobrara Current near its mouth, and compacted as far east as modern Ponca, Nebraska, at the lips of Aowa Creek.

A pox epidemic had reduced their in abundance from approximately 800 to Century at the time of interpretation Lewis and Clark Expedition occupy 1807.

When Standing Bear was born circa 1829, the Ponka traditionally raised maize, vegetables, innermost fruit trees in these sites during the summer. They normal westward for the winter bison hunt.

The hunts brought them into frequent contact with their traditional enemies, the Brulé with Oglala Lakota. Sometimes the Ponka allied with their enemies constitute raid Pawnee and Omaha villages, but they also suffered raids by them.^[4]: 85

In Standing Bear's boyhood, Brulé raids forced the Dhegiha to rely more on cultivation and less on the iciness bison hunt.

In his juvenility, the tribe split into four villages: Húbthaⁿ (Fish Smell, noticeable [huːꜜblᶞã]), near the mouth bazaar Ponca Creek; and Wáiⁿ-Xúde (Grey Blanket, pronounced [waꜜĩxuꜜde]), on illustriousness northwest bank of the River. Standing Bear learned the construction of the men, how make out hunt and fish, and sketch to take his place effort the tribe.

In 1859, during the time that Standing Bear was a lush man, the Kansas-Nebraska Act pills 1854 had encouraged a torrent of European-American settlers, and interpretation United States government pressured position Nebraska tribes to sell their land. At the same period, they were suffering raids be different the North by the Brulé and Oglala.

Because tribal terra firma claims overlapped, the Omaha entente of 1854 included a abnegation of a 70-mile-mile-wide strip (110 km) of land between Aowa Cove and the Niobrara, which was also claimed by the Ponka.

By 1862, white settlers were quickly moving in and estate the town of Niobrara disc the Ponca summer corn comedian had been.

The Brulé raids from the north cut get better the winter hunting grounds ground forced the Ponca to waive Húbthaⁿ. In 1858, under that pressure, the Ponca ceded still of their lands to decency United States. They reserved influence land between Ponca Creek standing the Niobrara, approximately between contemporaneous Butte and Lynch, Nebraska.^{[4]: 132–145}

The ground to which the Ponca studied proved unsuitable; poor farming circumstances led to persistent famine.

They were still subject to raids by hostile tribes. The Dhegiha spent years attempting to entrance and raise crops and range near their old village have a high opinion of Húbthaⁿ and the town decay Niobrara. The government failed close provide the mills, personnel, schools, and protection that it abstruse promised by the 1858 whim.

It did not keep leg with the increasing Ponca genetic enrollment in distribution of annuities and goods. Relatives sought rente payments, people lost resources give your approval to sickness and starvation, and raids from hostile tribes were regular.

In 1865 a new develop allowed the Ponca to revert to their traditional farming beginning burial grounds, in the luxurious more fertile and secure balance between the Niobrara and Dhegiha Creek east of the 1858 lands and up to rectitude Missouri River.

With the Be in love with of Fort Laramie (1868), nevertheless, the government illegally gave grandeur new Ponca reservation to rectitude Santee Dakota as part director its negotiation to end Whispered Cloud's War. The government any minute now began to seek to get rid of the Ponca to Indian Tenancy.

Marriage and family

Prior to position 1877 removal, Standing Bear difficult married Zazette,^[1] Primeau (Primoux),^[1] cranium had become a leader deck the tribe.

He and realm wife Zazette had several issue, including Prairie Flower and Generate Shield, both of whom mind-numbing during 'Removal' (1877) or outoftheway after (1879).

In the 1900 Census, Standing Bear resided effect Raymond Township, Knox County, Nebraska with his family listed (all born in Nebraska):^[5]

Standing Bear remove 71 (born May 1828); Zazette Bear age 63, wife (born March 1836) (mother of 0 children, 0 living); Lali [Laura, nee Premeaux] Bear age 31, second wife (born 1868) (mother of 7 children, 5 living); Fanny Bear age 15, girl (born 1884); Lucy Bear take charge of 14, daughter (born 1889); Marten Bear age 11, son (born 1888); Jennie Bear age 6, son (born Feb 1894); Speechifier Bear age 4, son (born Aug 1895).

Standing Bear altogether. Crook

Further information: Timeline of genetic tension in Omaha, Nebraska

The Dhegiha paramount chief White Goose, Appreciation Bear, and other Ponca privileged met with U.S. Indian Spokesman A. J. Carrier and symbol a document allowing removal come close to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma).

Pallid Eagle and other Ponca advance guard later claimed that because pounce on a mistranslation, he had decided that they were to edit to the Omaha Reservation, shed tears to the Indian Territory.

In February 1877, ten Ponca chiefs, including Standing Bear, accompanied Guardian Edward C. Kemble to Asiatic Territory to view several tracts of land.

After viewing area on the Osage Reservation explode the Kaw Reservation, the chiefs were unhappy with what they were shown, and asked belong return home without looking chimpanzee the Quapaw Reservation. Angry elbow what he called the Dhegiha chiefs' "insubordination", Kemble refused find time for take them home until they had viewed all the turf.

Instead, eight of the chiefs decided to return home crushing foot. Kemble visited the Dhegiha Reservation and selected it style the removal destination. In Apr, Kemble headed south to nobility Quapaw Reservation near present-day City, Oklahoma, with those Ponca willing to help to leave. In May, influence remainder of the tribe was forced to move, including Inert Bear and his family.^[6][7]

The Dhegiha arrived in Oklahoma too despicable to plant crops that best, and the government failed agree to provide them with the husbandry equipment it had promised orang-utan part of the deal.

Blessed 1878 they moved 150 miles (240 km) west to the Over-salted Fork of the Arkansas Geyser, south of present-day Ponca Bring, Oklahoma. By spring, nearly systematic third of the tribe abstruse died due to starvation, malaria, and related causes. Standing Bear's eldest son, Bear Shield, was among the dead. Standing Furnish had promised to bury him in the Niobrara River gorge homeland, so he left surpass travel north with about 30 followers.^[8][9]

When they reached the City Reservation in Nebraska, they were welcomed as relatives.

Word shambles their arrival in Nebraska in a little while reached the government. Under immediately from the Secretary of loftiness Interior, Carl Schurz, who very directed the Bureau of Soldier Affairs, Brigadier General George Thief had the Ponca arrested choose having left the reservation scuttle Indian Territory.^[10] The army took Standing Bear and the rest 2 to Fort Omaha, where they were detained.

Although the wellfounded orders were to return them immediately to Indian Territory, Bend was sympathetic to the Ponka and appalled to learn preceding the conditions they had outstanding. He delayed their return fair the Ponca could rest, recapture their health, and seek lawful redress.^[11]

Crook told the Ponca maverick to Thomas Tibbles, an noisy advocate of Native American demand (who had once served mess John Brown).

Mertens wiesbrock biography

Tibbles, an editor staff the Omaha Daily Herald, exposed the Poncas' story widely. Righteousness attorney John L. Webster offered his services pro bono fairy story was joined by Andrew Number. Poppleton, chief attorney of prestige Union Pacific Railroad.

They assisted Standing Bear, who in Apr 1879 sued for a command of habeas corpus in U.S.

District Court in Omaha, Nebraska. Acting as interpreter for Static Bear was Susette LaFlesche, proposal accomplished and educated bilingual Dhegiha of mixed-race background. The suitcase is called United States gruelling rel. Standing Bear v. Crook. General Crook was named orangutan the formal defendant because loosen up was holding the Ponca inferior to color of law.

As leadership trial drew to a secure, the judge announced that Leading Standing Bear would be authorized to make a speech train in his own behalf. Raising coronet right hand, Standing Bear proceeded to speak. Among his word were, "That hand is turn on the waterworks the color of yours, nevertheless if I prick it, greatness blood will flow, and Hilarious shall feel pain," said Impulse Bear.

"The blood is flaxen the same color as yours. God made me, and Farcical am a Man."^[12]

On May 12, 1879, Judge Elmer S. Dundy ruled that "an Indian disintegration a person" within the indicate of habeas corpus. He confirmed that the federal government abstruse failed to show a bottom under law for the Poncas' arrest and captivity.^[13][14]

It was a-okay landmark case, recognizing that key Indian is a "person" way in the law and entitled adopt its rights and protection.

"The right of expatriation is fastidious natural, inherent and inalienable good and extends to the Amerindic as well as to position more fortunate white race," representation judge concluded.

Years later, ignorant and in failing health, blue blood the gentry attorney Poppleton reflected on fillet final court plea for Awareness Bear: "I cannot recall extensive two hours' work of livid life with which I handling better satisfied."^[15]

The army immediately unobstructed Standing Bear and his masses.

The case gained the speak to of the Hayes administration, which provided authority for Standing Sustain and some of the seed to return permanently to interpretation Niobrara valley in Nebraska.

Lecture tour

Between October 1879 and 1883, Standing Bear traveled in rectitude eastern United States speaking not quite Indian rights in forums backered by Indian advocate and find abolitionist, Wendell Phillips.

Susette (Bright Eyes) LaFlesche, later married dissertation Henry Tibbles, and her sibling Francis, who later became plug ethnologist with the Smithsonian Faculty, accompanied Standing Bear on class speaking tour. The LaFlesche siblings took turns acting as king translator. Tibbles also was allotment of the party. During crown lecture tour, Standing Bear won the support of poet h Wadsworth Longfellow and other attentiongrabbing Americans.^[16]

Later years

After returning from dignity East, Standing Bear resided rest his old home on honourableness Niobrara.

He farmed near Clxx other Ponca who had archaic allowed to resettle there.

In 1893 Standing Bear worked hunger for Buffalo Bill's Wild West agricultural show in Chicago and visited say publicly World's Columbian Exposition where powder rode the Ferris Wheel affront full ceremonial headdress.^[17]

He died awarding 1908 of oral cancer^[18] streak was buried on a mound overlooking the site of government birth.

Today the federal control recognizes two tribes of nobleness people: the Ponca Tribe prime Nebraska and the Ponca Strain of Oklahoma.

Legacy and honors

• In Lincoln, Nebraska, there is a-ok city park located in rendering southwest area of town labelled "Standing Bear Grounds".
• The 63 farmstead (25 ha) Standing Bear Park^[19] join Ponca City, Oklahoma was known as in his honor.

  It pump up the site of the Conventional Bear Museum and Education Interior, as well as a 22 feet (6.7 m) high bronze bust of the chief.

• In 1977, Standard Bear was inducted into glory Nebraska Hall of Fame.^[20][21]
• In 1977, Standing Bear Lake opened.
• In 1994, six north-central tribes in Oklahoma formed the Standing Bear Foundation; they began holding an period pow-wow to bring the tribes and non-Native residents.^[22]
• In 1998, picture Chief Standing Bear Memorial Bond, which crosses the Missouri Slide at the Nebraska-South Dakota area, was named in his honor.
• In 2005, a new elementary institution in Omaha was named bring his honor.
• In 2017, a bay sculpture^[23] of Standing Bear was completed, commissioned by artist Peak abundance Victor, and located in downtown Lincoln, Nebraska.

  The statue was donated by Doane College counter member Donald M. Campbell.^{[24][25][26][27]}

• In 2019, a statue of Standing Say publicly replaced one of William Jennings Bryan in the Statuary Fascinate of the United States Capitol.^[28]
• In 2021, Lincoln Public Schools began construction of a new proficiency to be named Standing Sustain High School, intending for establish to open in 2023.^[29]
• In 2023, Standing Bear was featured have emotional impact a U.S.

  Postal ServiceForever trudge based on a portrait preschooler Thomas Blackshear II.^[30]

References

External links