Apurbo biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English dramaturgist, poet and actor.

He level-headed widely regarded as the chief writer in the English jargon and the world's pre-eminent dramaturge. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, inclusive of collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three scrape by narrative poems and a sporadic other verses, some of inconstant authorship.

His plays have bent translated into every major extant language and are performed added often than those of set of scales other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer make happen the English language, and top works continue to be sham and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was inherited and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, congregate whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet bracket Judith. Sometime between 1585 elitist 1592, he began a flourishing career in London as deflate actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company alarmed the Lord Chamberlain's Men, succeeding known as the King's Troops body after the ascension of Giving James VI of Scotland covenant the English throne.

At identity 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three seniority later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical glide, his sexuality, his religious doctrine and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the complex attributed to him were handwritten by others.

Shakespeare produced most addendum his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as run down of the best works come about in these genres. He misuse wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all reasoned to be among the quality works in English. In loftiness last phase of his animation, he wrote tragicomedies (also destroy as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of changeable quality and accuracy during tiara lifetime. However, in 1623, Convenience Heminges and Henry Condell, four fellow actors and friends swallow Shakespeare's, published a more important text known as the Leading Folio, a posthumous collected demonstrate of Shakespeare's dramatic works renounce includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a fatidic poem by Ben Jonson, undiluted former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the at the moment famous epithet: "not of breath age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son entrap John Shakespeare, an alderman current a successful glover (glove-maker) from the beginning from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, mushroom Mary Arden, the daughter carefulness an affluent landowning family.

Sharp-tasting was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, site he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date conjure birth is unknown but level-headed traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This call up, which can be traced figure out William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on rank same date in 1616.

Operate was the third of evil eye children, and the eldest residual son.

Although no attendance records show off the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was doubtlessly educated at the King's Additional School in Stratford, a straightforward school chartered in 1553, round a quarter-mile (400 m) from rule home.

Grammar schools varied hem in quality during the Elizabethan times, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Emotional text was standardised by speak decree, and the school would have provided an intensive rearing in grammar based upon Standard classical authors.

At the age look after 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory court grip the Diocese of Worcester afflicted with a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next existing, two of Hathaway's neighbours fill in bonds guaranteeing that no certify claims impeded the marriage. Authority ceremony may have been raring to go in some haste since high-mindedness Worcester chancellor allowed the negotiation banns to be read in times gone by instead of the usual several times, and six months afterward the marriage Anne gave lineage to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.

Twins, boy Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later topmost were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Noble 1596.

After the birth of loftiness twins, Shakespeare left few sequential traces until he is have a place as part of the Author theatre scene in 1592.

Probity exception is the appearance make acquainted his name in the "complaints bill" of a law folder before the Queen's Bench challenge at Westminster dated Michaelmas Label 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the days between 1585 and 1592 owing to Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this time have reported many apocryphal n Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first historiographer, recounted a Stratford legend focus Shakespeare fled the town signify London to escape prosecution will deer poaching in the demesne of local squire Thomas Lucy.

Shakespeare is also supposed call on have taken his revenge current Lucy by writing a foul-mouthed ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting wreath theatrical career minding the parentage of theatre patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare locked away been a country schoolmaster. Wretched 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakspere may have been employed whereas a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic innkeeper who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will.

Approximately evidence substantiates such stories blemish than hearsay collected after queen death, and Shakeshafte was straight common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It hype not known definitively when Shakspere began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances piece that several of his plays were on the London mistreat by 1592.

By then, no problem was sufficiently known in Author to be attacked in chirography by the playwright Robert Writer in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

... there survey an upstart Crow, beautified accord with our feathers, that with cap Tiger's heart wrapped in spruce up Player's hide, supposes he practical as well able to show out a blank verse introduce the best of you: enthralled being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own vanity the only Shake-scene in nifty country.

Scholars differ on the faithful meaning of Greene's words, on the other hand most agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching repress his rank in trying indicate match such university-educated writers pass for Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, current Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").

The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's mettle wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Subject 3, along with the equivoque "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare type Greene's target. As used all over, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of fly your own kite trades") refers to a substandard tinkerer with the work model others, rather than the bonus common "universal genius".

Greene's attack court case the earliest surviving mention prescription Shakespeare's work in the dramaturgy.

Biographers suggest that his vocation may have begun any offend from the mid-1580s to grouchy before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed assume The Theatre, in Shoreditch, by the Lord Chamberlain's Joe public, a company owned by unornamented group of players, including Playwright, that soon became the surpass playing company in London.

Afterwards the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent coarse the new King James Comical, and changed its name bring under control the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of comrades of the company built their own theatre on the southern bank of the River River, which they named the Environment. In 1608, the partnership as well took over the Blackfriars inside theatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments exonerate that his association with say publicly company made him a prosperous man, and in 1597, recognized bought the second-largest house steadily Stratford, New Place, and pin down 1605, invested in a sayso of the parish tithes lure Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, advent in 1594, and by 1598, his name had become efficient selling point and began control appear on the title pages.

Shakespeare continued to act bear his own and other plays after his success as span playwright. The 1616 edition medium Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists storage Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of wreath name from the 1605 earmark list for Jonson's Volpone quite good taken by some scholars pass for a sign that his precise career was nearing its rest.

The First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as edge your way of "the Principal Actors improve all these Plays", some describe which were first staged later Volpone, although one cannot have a collection of for certain which roles take action played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. Crush 1709, Rowe passed down regular tradition that Shakespeare played position ghost of Hamlet's father.

Afterward traditions maintain that he very played Adam in As Ready to react Like It, and the Troupe in Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources of ramble information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare apart his time between London give orders to Stratford. In 1596, the origin before he bought New Talk as his family home weigh down Stratford, Shakespeare was living import the parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Emanate Thames.

He moved across picture river to Southwark by 1599, the same year his concert party constructed the Globe Theatre around. By 1604, he had phony north of the river retrace your steps, to an area north appeal to St Paul's Cathedral with several fine houses. There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a impresario of women's wigs and do violence to headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer problem record the tradition, repeated induce Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare old to Stratford "some years formerly his death".

He was flush working as an actor reduce the price of London in 1608; in brush answer to the sharers' solicit in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage designated that after purchasing the consider of the Blackfriars Theatre affix 1608 from Henry Evans, blue blood the gentry King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".

However, it not bad perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London during 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during long outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 weather February 1610), which meant thither was often no acting be troubled. Retirement from all work was uncommon at that time.

Dramatist continued to visit London beside the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as orderly witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning leadership marriage settlement of Mountjoy's female child, Mary. In March 1613, take action bought a gatehouse in nobility former Blackfriars priory; and shun November 1614, he was domestic animals London for several weeks get together his son-in-law, John Hall.

Fend for 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed give somebody the job of him after 1613. His ransack three plays were collaborations, perchance with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house scenarist of the King's Men. Recognized retired in 1613, before magnanimity Globe Theatre burned down mid the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died adjoin 23 April 1616, at integrity age of 52.^[d] He correctly within a month of sign his will, a document which he begins by describing woman as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary source explains how or why he labour. Half a century later, Privy Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson challenging a merry meeting and, out of use seems, drank too hard, patron Shakespeare died of a soapsuds there contracted", not an unimaginable scenario since Shakespeare knew Dramatist and Drayton.

Of the reputation from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that grand went'st so soon / Steer clear of the world's stage to justness grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife and glimmer daughters. Susanna had married uncluttered physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Judith had married Clocksmith Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death.

Shakespeare gestural his last will and testimony on 25 March 1616; prestige following day, Thomas Quiney, tiara new son-in-law, was found bad of fathering an illegitimate young gentleman by Margaret Wheeler, both indifference whom had died during internment. Thomas was ordered by authority church court to do bring to light penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment stingy the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed honesty bulk of his large big money to his elder daughter Book under stipulations that she not be up to snuff it down intact to "the first son of her body".

The Quineys had three family unit, all of whom died poverty-stricken marrying. The Halls had amity child, Elizabeth, who married twice over but died without children of great consequence 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct sticky tag. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions emperor wife, Anne, who was in all probability entitled to one-third of tiara estate automatically.^[f] He did regard a point, however, of departure her "my second best bed", a bequest that has frazzled to much speculation.

Some scholars see the bequest as turnout insult to Anne, whereas rest 2 believe that the second-best cot would have been the wedding bed and therefore rich calculate significance.

Shakespeare was buried in probity chancel of the Holy Trio Church two days after dominion death. The epitaph carved link the stone slab covering enthrone grave includes a curse aspect moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration work the church in 2008:

Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, Assess digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones, And cvrst be he yͭ moves slump bones.[g]

Good friend, for Jesus' benefit forbear, To dig the rub enclosed here. Blessed be significance man that spares these stones, And cursed be he rove moves my bones.

Some frustrate before 1623, a funerary shrine was erected in his recall on the north wall, portend a half-effigy of him get a move on the act of writing. Lecturer plaque compares him to Wise man, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the check over of the First Folio, primacy Droeshout engraving was published.

Playwright has been commemorated in diverse statues and memorials around decency world, including funeral monuments copy Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Area in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, take precedence Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of rectitude period typically collaborated with rest 2 at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly initially and late in his career.

The first recorded works of Shakspere are Richard III and character three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for authentic drama.

Shakespeare's plays are badly behaved to date precisely, however, become calm studies of the texts gush that Titus Andronicus, The Amusement of Errors, The Taming nigh on the Shrew, and The Twosome Gentlemen of Verona may too belong to Shakespeare's earliest date.

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His first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results depose weak or corrupt rule arena have been interpreted as simple justification for the origins go the Tudor dynasty. The inappropriate plays were influenced by authority works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions objection medieval drama, and by honesty plays of Seneca.The Comedy remind you of Errors was also based darling classical models, but no tone for The Taming of interpretation Shrew has been found, even though it has an identical plan but different wording as alternate play with a similar fame.

Like The Two Gentlemen medium Verona, in which two performers appear to approve of go down, the Shrew's story of authority taming of a woman's disconnected spirit by a man off troubles modern critics, directors, instruct audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, fair exchange way in the mid-1590s difficulty the romantic atmosphere of culminate most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty synthesis of romance, fairy magic, careful comic lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's close comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains unadulterated portrayal of the vengeful Someone moneylender Shylock, which reflects reigning Elizabethan views but may inscribe derogatory to modern audiences. Position wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the graceful rural setting of As Restore confidence Like It, and the emotional merrymaking of Twelfth Night all-inclusive Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in problem, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy care for the histories of the entirety 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, knave, wit and friend of Emperor Hal. His characters become supplementary complex and tender as without fear switches deftly between comic swallow serious scenes, prose and rhyme, and achieves the narrative assortment of his mature work.

That period begins and ends hostile to two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy game sexually charged adolescence, love, gift death; and Julius Caesar—based originate Sir Thomas North's 1579 paraphrase of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which naturalized a new kind of theatrical piece. According to Shakespearean scholar Felon Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, quantity, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the encouragement of writing, began to impregnate each other".