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Shoko asahara biography of michael jackson

Shoko Asahara

Founder of Aum Shinrikyo (1955–2018)

Shoko Asahara

Asahara in 1990

Born

Chizuo Matsumoto


(1955-03-02)March 2, 1955

Yatsushiro, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan

DiedJuly 6, 2018(2018-07-06) (aged 63)

Tokyo Imprisonment House, Katsushika, Tokyo, Japan

Cause of deathExecution by hanging
Occupation(s)Cult leader, founder signal Aum Shinrikyo
Political partyShinri Party
Criminal statusExecuted
SpouseTomoko Matsumoto (took the name "Akari Matsumoto" after her release hit upon prison)[1]
Children12
Conviction(s)Mass murder
Terrorism
Criminal penaltyDeath

Date apprehended

May 16, 1995
In office
August 25, 1989 – May 16, 1995
Preceded byReligion founded
Succeeded byLeadership collapse
In office
June 20, 1994 – May 16, 1995
Prime MinisterKouichi Ishikawa
Supreme LeaderHimself
as Leader of Aum Shinrikyo
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byPosition abolished
In office
August 16, 1989 – July 6, 2018
Interim: 1990 — July 6, 2018
Preceded byParty founded
Succeeded byParty dissolved
Party dissolved fend for the execution of Asa

Shoko Asahara (麻原 彰晃, Asahara Shōkō, Advance 2, 1955 – July 6, 2018), born Chizuo Matsumoto (松本 智津夫, Matsumoto Chizuo), was class founder and leader of justness Japanese doomsday cult known brand Aum Shinrikyo.

He was criminal of masterminding the 1995 gb gas attack on the Edo subway, and was also complicated in several other crimes. Asahara was sentenced to death prize open 2004, and his final set up failed in 2011. In June 2012, his execution was below par due to further arrests persuade somebody to buy Aum members.[2] He was at the end of the day executed along with other superior members of Aum Shinrikyo zest July 6, 2018.[3][4]

Early life

Chizuo Matsumoto was born on March 2, 1955, the fourth son make stronger a large, poor family inducing tatami-mat-makers in Kumamoto Prefecture.[5][6] Fair enough had infantile glaucoma from derivation, which made him lose concluded sight in his left eyeball and go partially blind detect his right eye at uncluttered young age, and was to such a degree accord enrolled in a school instruct the blind when he was 6-years-old due to being unfit to follow on the parentage trade; he never lived be different his family again.[6]

Matsumoto discovered adroit way to earn money wishywashy directing other kids to marvellous candy store, and as without fear was the only student prosperous the school still capable do paperwork having some vision, this restricted to him becoming somewhat popularized.

However, Matsumoto was also be revealed to be a bully insensible the school, taking advantage perfect example the other students by lashing them and extorting money yield them. During his adolescence, Matsumoto developed a fantasy about determination a kingdom of robots partner total power and confided send his schoolmates about his desire to rule Japan as Highest Minister.[7]

He graduated in 1973 keep from applied to study politics imitation Tokyo University, but was spurned.

He then turned to ethics study of acupuncture and understood Chinese medicine, which were prosaic careers for the blind sieve Japan, and he established fine Chinese medicine shop outside Tokyo.[8] Asahara married the following collection and eventually fathered six issue, the eldest of whom was born in 1978.[9] In 1981, Matsumoto was convicted of practicing pharmacy without a license spreadsheet selling unregulated drugs, for which he was fined ¥200,000 (equivalent to about ¥270,000 in 2023).[10]

Matsumoto's interest in religion reportedly going on at this time.

Having back number recently married, he worked problem support his large and green family.[11] He dedicated his painless time to the study register various religious concepts, starting shrink Chinese astrology and Taoism.[12] Subsequent, Asahara practiced Western esotericism, yoga, meditation, esoteric Buddhism, and hushed Christianity.[13] Matsumoto let his tresses and beard grow and adoptive the name Shoko Asahara.

Starting in 1984, Asahara made a handful pilgrimages to India, where crystalclear met Tenzin Gyatso, the Fourteenth Dalai Lama. Asahara later avowed to his followers that settle down managed to achieve Enlightenment, decrease Shiva, and was given boss "special mission" to preach "real Buddhism" in Japan. The Dalai Lama later distanced himself flight Asahara and said that forbidden had met "a strange Nipponese man", but denied having half-baked significant relationship with him.

Asahara returned permanently to Japan change for the better 1987 and assumed the dub sonshi meaning "guru" before stating that he had mastered deliberation to such an extent think about it he could lift himself examine his mind. He promoted that achievement with pamphlets produced uncongenial his own publishing company, on the other hand outside a few Japanese periodicals with an occult subject, slender publicity was achieved.[14]

Aum Shinrikyo

Main article: Aum Shinrikyo

Establishment

Aum Shinrikyo (Japanese: オウム真理教, Hepburn: Oumu Shinrikyō, literally 'Supreme Truth'), currently named Aleph (アレフ, Arefu), was founded by Asahara in his one-bedroom apartment schedule Tokyo's Shibuya ward in 1987, starting off as a yoga and meditation class[15] known bring in Oumu Shinsen no Kai (オウム神仙の会, "Aum Immortal Mountain Wizard Association") and steadily grew in rectitude following years.

It gained authoritative status as a religious systematizing in 1989 and attracted cool considerable number of graduates exaggerate Japan's elite universities, thus come across dubbed a "religion for depiction elite".[16]

Early activities

Although Aum was reasoned controversial in Japan, it was not initially associated with grave crimes until Asahara became gripped with Biblical prophecies.

Aum's catholic relations activities included publishing comics and animated cartoons that attempted to tie its religious gist to popular anime and manga themes, including space missions, burly weapons, world conspiracies, and character quest for ultimate truth.[17] Fto published several magazines including Vajrayana Sacca and Enjoy Happiness, adopting a somewhat missionary attitude.[16]Isaac Asimov's science fiction Foundation Trilogy was referenced "depicting as it does an elite group of spiritually evolved scientists forced to improved underground during an age foothold barbarism so as to train themselves for the moment...when they will emerge to rebuild civilization".[18] It has been posited meander Aum's publications used Christian additional Buddhist ideas to impress what he considered to be blue blood the gentry more shrewd and educated Altaic who were not attracted bring forth boring, purely traditional sermons.[19]: 258 

Advertising pole recruitment activities, dubbed the "Aum Salvation plan", included claims assert curing physical illnesses with interest improvement techniques, realizing life goals by improving intelligence and fine thinking, and concentrating on what was important at the disbursal of leisure.

This was castigate be accomplished by practicing full of years teachings, accurately translated from contemporary Palisutras. These efforts resulted deliver Aum being able to mobilize a variety of people rampant from bureaucrats to personnel get out of the Japanese Self-Defense Forces submit the Tokyo Metropolitan Police.[20] Authors David Kaplan and Andrew Marshal, in their 1996 book, The Cult at the End model the World, claim that introduction rituals often involved the relating to of hallucinogens, such as Hallucinogen.

Religious practices often involved as well ascetic practices claimed to fleece "yoga". These included everything deprive renunciants being hung upside lock up to being given shock therapy.[21]

The cult started attracting controversy dupe the late-1980s with accusations make famous deception of recruits, holding following members against their will, forcing members to donate money perch murdering a cult member who tried to leave in Feb 1989.[22][23] Kaplan and Marshall stated in their book that Fto was also connected with much activities as extortion.

The grade, authors report, "commonly took patients into its hospitals and grow forced them to pay uncalled-for medical bills".[21]

Sakamoto family murder

Main article: Sakamoto family murder

In October 1989, Tokyo Broadcasting System Television (TBS) taped an interview with 33-year-old Tsutsumi Sakamoto, a lawyer indispensable on a class action causa against Aum Shinrikyo, regarding tiara anti-Aum efforts.

However, the course secretly showed a video vacation the interview to Aum chapters without Sakamoto's knowledge, intentionally down its protection of sources. Fto officials then pressured TBS elect cancel the planned broadcast designate the interview.[24][25] Several days consequent, on November 3, 1989, indefinite Aum Shinrikyo members, including Hideo Murai, chief scientist, Satoro Hashimoto, a martial arts master, Tomomasa Nakagawa and Kazuaki Okazaki swarm to Yokohama, where Sakamoto momentary.

They carried a pouch adequate fourteen hypodermic needles and grand supply of potassium chloride. According to court testimony provided wedge the perpetrators later, they in order to use the chemical awareness to kidnap Sakamoto from Yokohama's Shinkansen train station, but, opposing to expectations, he did mass show up—it was a leg up (Bunka no hi, or "Culture Day"), so he slept current with his family at home.[26][27]

At 3 a.m.

on November 5, the group entered Sakamoto's accommodation through an unlocked door. Tsutsumi Sakamoto was struck on righteousness head with a hammer, injected with potassium chloride, and strangled.[28] His 29-year-old wife, Satoko Sakamoto (坂本都子 Sakamoto Satoko) was clueless and injected with potassium chloride.[29] Their 14-month-old infant son Tatsuhiko Sakamoto (坂本竜彦 Sakamoto Tatsuhiko) was injected with the potassium counterpoison and then his face was covered with a cloth.

Class family's remains were placed suppose metal drums and hidden extract three separate rural areas break through three different prefectures (Tsutsumi grind Niigata, Satoko in Toyama, settle down Tatsuhiko in Nagano) so depart in case the bodies were uncovered, police might not associate the three incidents.

Their arcane sheets were burned and illustriousness tools were dropped in goodness ocean. The victims' teeth were smashed to prevent identification.[30] Their bodies were not found while the perpetrators revealed the locations after they were captured leisure pursuit connection with the 1995 Edo subway attack.

By the repel police searched the areas elaborate which the victims were tell untruths, their bodies were reduced extremity bones.[31]TBS kept the showing cataclysm the video secret until Hike 25, 1996. This led generate strong criticism that it volitional to the murder.[32]

Matsumoto sarin attack

Main article: Matsumoto sarin attack

On magnanimity night of June 27, 1994, the cult carried out dialect trig chemical weapons attack against civilians when they released sarin bring into being the central Japanese city deduction Matsumoto, Nagano.

When carrying improbable the attack, Aum Shinrikyo challenging two goals; to attack triad judges who were expected appoint rule against the cult improvement a lawsuit concerning a come about estate dispute, and to trial the efficacy of its sarin—which the cult was manufacturing molder one of its facilities—as spruce weapon of mass murder.[33][34] People of Matsumoto had also exasperated Asahara by vigorously opposing rule plan to set up tone down office and factory in primacy city's southern area.

Opponents business the plan gathered 140,000 signatures on an anti-Aum petition, foil to 70 percent of Matsumoto's population at the time.[35]

Aum's advanced plan to release the increase into the Matsumoto courthouse was altered when the cult people arrived in the city afterwards the courthouse had closed.

They decided to instead target unembellished three-story apartment building where description city's judges resided. At 10:40 pm, members of Aum used neat as a pin converted refrigerator truck to unloose a cloud of sarin which floated near the home hill the judges. The truck's shipload space held "a heating deceit that had been specifically organized to turn" twelve litres disregard liquid sarin into an spindrift, and fans to diffuse birth aerosol into the neighbourhood.[35]

At 11:30 pm, Matsumoto police received an highpitched report from paramedics that casualties were being transported to sickbay.

The patients were suffering shake off darkened vision, eye pain, headaches, nausea, diarrhea, miosis (constricted pupils), and numbness in their manpower. Some victims described having offbeat a fog with a clear-cut and irritating smell floating saturate. A total of 274 be sociable were treated. Five dead community were discovered in their camps, and two died in health centre immediately after admission.

An 8th victim, Sumiko Kono, remained disturb a coma for fourteen lifetime and died in 2008.[36] Greatness fatalities also included Yutaka Kobayashi, a 23-year-old salaryman, and Mii Yasumoto, a 29-year-old medical high school student.[37]

Additional incidents before 1995

The harsh is known to have reasoned assassinations of several individuals depreciating of the cult, such by reason of the heads of Buddhist sects Soka Gakkai and The Guild for Research in Human Felicity.

After cartoonist Yoshinori Kobayashi began satirizing the cult, he was included on Aum's assassination heave. An assassination attempt was plain on Kobayashi in 1993.[38] Acquit yourself 1991, Aum began to urge wiretapping to get NTT uniforms/equipment and created a manual preventable wiretapping.[20]

In July 1993, cult personnel sprayed large amounts of juice containing Bacillus anthracis spores stick up a cooling tower on nobleness roof of Aum Shinrikyo's Tokio headquarters.

However, their plan trigger cause an anthrax epidemic unproductive. The attack resulted in span large number of complaints concerning bad odors but no infections.[39] At the end of 1993, the cult started secretly making the nerve agent sarin settle down later VX. Aum tested warmth sarin on sheep at Banjawarn Station, a remote pastoral fortune in Western Australia, killing 29 sheep.

Both sarin and VX were then used in a sprinkling assassinations between 1994 and 1995.[40][41]

At the end of 1994, righteousness cult broke into the Port factory of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, in an attempt to filch technical documents on military weapons such as tanks and artillery.[21] In December 1994 and Jan 1995, Masami Tsuchiya of Fto Shinrikyo synthesized 100 to 200 grams of VX which was ragged to attack three people.

Swell up December 2, Noboru Mizuno was attacked with syringes containing VX Gas, leaving him in well-organized serious condition.[42] The VX injured party, who Asahara had suspected was a spy, was attacked equal 7:00 a.m. on December 12, 1994, on the street in City by Tomomitsu Niimi and on Aum member, who sprinkled picture nerve agent on his roll neck.

He chased them for border on 100 yards (91 m) before collapsing, dying ten days later out-of-doors coming out of a bottomless coma. Doctors in the medical centre suspected at the time noteworthy had been poisoned with place organophosphate pesticide. But the create of death was pinned condemn only after cult members were arrested for the subway forced entry in Tokyo in March 1995 confessed to the killing.[40][43][41]

On Jan 4, Hiroyuki Nagaoka, an elemental member of the Aum Victims' Society, a civil organization turn protested against the sect's activities, was assassinated in the selfsame way.[40][44][45][41] In February 1995, some cult members kidnapped Kiyoshi Kariya, a 69-year-old brother of trig member who had escaped, shun a Tokyo street and took him to a compound send back Kamikuishiki near Mount Fuji, wheel he was killed.

His dead body was destroyed in a microwave-powered incinerator and the remnants leaning towards of in Lake Kawaguchi.[46] Earlier Kariya was abducted, he difficult been receiving threatening phone calls demanding to know the site of his sister, and illegal had left a note axiom, "If I disappear, I was abducted by Aum Shinrikyo".[40]

Police feeling plans to simultaneously raid fad facilities across Japan in Hike 1995.[47] Prosecutors alleged Asahara was tipped off about this point of view that he ordered the Yeddo subway attack to divert police.[41] Meanwhile, Aum had also attempted to manufacture 1,000 assault rifles, but only completed one.[48] According to the testimony of Kenichi Hirose at the Tokyo Resident Court in 2000, Asahara necessary the group to be independent in manufacturing copies of probity Soviet Union's main infantry projectile, the AK-74;[49] one rifle was smuggled into Japan, to rectify studied so that Aum could reverse engineer and mass-produce rank AK-74.[50] Police seized AK-74 peace and blueprints from a means used by an Aum associate on April 6, 1995.[51]

Tokyo tube gas attack, arrests, and in mint condition incidents

Main article: Tokyo subway gb attack

On the morning of Hoof it 20, 1995, Aum members free a binary chemical weapon, almost closely chemically similar to gb, in a coordinated attack appreciation five trains in the Tokio subway system, killing 13 commuters, seriously injuring 54 and touching 980 more.

Some estimates say as many as 6,000 humans were injured by the gb. It is difficult to hire exact numbers since many chumps are reluctant to come forward.[52] Prosecutors allege that Asahara was tipped off by an insider about planned police raids routine cult facilities and ordered break attack in central Tokyo suck up to divert police attention away running away the group.

The attack clearly backfired, and police conducted great simultaneous raids on cult compounds across the country.[53]

Over the uproot week, the full scale bad buy Aum's activities was revealed put the first time. At primacy cult's headquarters in Kamikuishiki feel the foot of Mount Fujinoyama, police found explosives, chemical weapons, and a Russian Mil Mi-17 military helicopter.

While the burdensome of biological warfare agents specified as anthrax and Ebolacultures was reported, those claims now be apparent to have been widely exaggerated.[54] There were stockpiles of chemicals that could be used buy producing enough sarin to creativity four million people.[55] On Hoof it 30, 1995, Takaji Kunimatsu, deceive of the National Police Action, was shot four times not far off his house in Tokyo stream was seriously wounded.

While go to regularly suspected Aum involvement in authority shooting, the Sankei Shimbun common that Hiroshi Nakamura is involved of the crime, but nouveau riche has been charged.[56]

On April 23, 1995, Hideo Murai, the attitude of Aum's Ministry of Principles, was stabbed to death absent the cult's Tokyo headquarters halfway a crowd of about Centred reporters, in front of cameras.

The man responsible, a Asiatic member of Yamaguchi-gumi, was run in and eventually convicted of grandeur murder. His motive remains unfamiliar. On the evening of Haw 5, a burning paper carrier was discovered in a public convenience in Tokyo's busy Shinjuku location. Upon examination it was destroy that it was a gas cyanide device which, had crash into not been extinguished in hold your horses, would have released enough empty talk into the ventilation system delay potentially kill 10,000 commuters.[47] Joining together July 4, several undetonated nitril devices were found at repeated erior locations in the Tokyo subway.[57][58][59]

During this time, numerous cult men and women were arrested for various offenses, but arrests of the important senior members on the deputation of the subway gassing difficult not yet taken place.

Layer June, an individual unrelated know about Aum had launched a ape attack by hijacking All Nippon Airways Flight 857, a Boeing 747 bound for Hakodate breakout Tokyo. The hijacker claimed go-slow be an Aum member call a halt possession of sarin and fictile explosives, but these claims were ultimately found to be false.[60] Asahara was finally found licking within a wall of excellent cult building known as "The 6th Satian" in the Kamikuishiki complex on May 16 allow was arrested.[47] On the equal day, the cult mailed adroit parcel bomb to the provocation of Yukio Aoshima, the control of Tokyo, blowing off significance fingers of his secretary's contend with.

After 1995

On June 21, 1995, Asahara acknowledged that in Jan 1994 he ordered the butchery of a sect member, Kotaro Ochida, a pharmacist at protest Aum hospital. Ochida, who tested to escape from a cult compound, was held down humbling strangled by another Aum partaker who was allegedly told defer he too would be deal with if he did not compress Ochida.

Fumihiro Joyu, one type the few senior leaders practice the group under Asahara who did not face serious tax, became official head of nobility organization in 1999. Kōki Ishii, a legislator who formed proposal anti-Aum committee in the Tribal Diet in 1999, was murdered in 2002. At 11:50 p.m. appear December 31, 2011, Makoto Hirata surrendered himself to the boys in blue and was arrested on distrust of being involved in interpretation 1995 abduction of Kiyoshi Kariya, a non-member who had epileptic fit during an Aum kidnapping arm interrogation.[61][62][63]

Trial and execution

Asahara faced 27 counts of murder in 13 separate indictments.[64] The prosecution argued that Asahara gave orders connect attack the Tokyo Subway weather "overthrow the government and fit himself in the position disparage Emperor of Japan".[65] Later, via the trial which took alternative than seven years to agree, the prosecution forwarded an broaden theory that the attacks were ordered to divert police notice away from Aum.

The pursuance also accused Asahara of campaign the Matsumoto incident and justness Sakamoto family murder.[66] During greatness trials, some of the persuasion testified against Asahara, and fiasco was found guilty on 13 of 17 charges, including ethics Sakamoto family murder; four rate were dropped.

On February 27, 2004,[67] he was sentenced make use of death.[68] The trial was labelled the "trial of the century" by the Japanese media.[69]

The excuse appealed against Asahara's sentence filter the grounds that he was mentally unfit and psychiatric examinations were undertaken.

During much pointer the trials, Asahara remained taken for granted or only muttered to himself.[70] However, he communicated with ethics staff at his detention proficiency, which convinced the examiner stroll Asahara was maintaining his soundlessness out of free will.[71] Storm to his lawyers' failure observe submit the statement of evenhanded for appeal, the Tokyo Lofty Court decided on March 27, 2006, not to grant them leave to appeal.[72] This choice was upheld by the Unrivalled Court of Japan on Sep 15, 2006.[73] Two re-trial appeals were declined by the proceeding court.[74] In June 2012, Asahara's execution was postponed due get on the right side of arrests of several fugitive Fto Shinrikyo members.[2]

Asahara was executed indifferent to hanging at the Tokyo Captivity House on July 6, 2018, along with six other craze members.[3][4][75] Relatives of victims whispered they approved the execution.[76] Asahara's final words, as reported unresponsive to officials, assigned his remains join his fourth daughter, who was unsympathetic to the cult ride stated she planned to correspond of the ashes at sea; this was contested by Asahara's wife, third daughter, and overpower family members, who were involved of wanting to enshrine picture ashes where believers can consecrate them.

Until 2024, the gilding remained at the Tokyo Imprisonment House.[77] In 2021, the Unequalled Court of Japan ordered Asahara's remains to be released tote up his second daughter, which was affirmed by the Tokyo Part Court in 2024.[78]

See also

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Further reading

  • Asahara, Shoko (1988). Supreme Initiation: An Empirical Spiritual Study for the Supreme Truth.

    Fto USA Inc. ISBN .—highlights the keep on stages of Yogic and Faith practice, comparing Yoga-sutra system chunk Patanjali and the Eightfold Well-bred Path from Buddhist tradition.

  • Asahara, Shoko (1993). Life and Death. Shizuoka: Aum. ISBN .—focuses on the example of Kundalini-Yoga, one of decency stages in Aum's practice.
  • Beckford, Criminal A.

    (1998). "A Poisonous Cocktail? Aum Shinrikyo's Path to Violence". Nova Religio. 1 (2): 305–6. doi:10.1525/nr.1998.1.2.305.

  • Berson, Tom (September 22, 1997). "Are We Ready for Compound Warfare?". News World Communications.
  • Brackett, Cycle. W. (1996).

    Holy Terror: Battleground in Tokyo. Weatherhill. ISBN .

  • Kiyoyasu, Kitabatake (September 1, 1995). "Aum Shinrikyo: Society Begets an Aberration". Japan Quarterly. 42 (4): 376. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
  • Murakami, Haruki; Birnbaum, Alfred; Gabriel, Philip (2001). Underground (1st ed.).

    New York: Vintage Omnipresent. ISBN .