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Sadegh khalkhali biography channel

Sadegh Khalkhali

Iranian cleric and politician (1926-2003)

Mohammed Sadeq Givi Khalkhali (Persian: محمدصادق گیوی خلخالی; 27 July 1926 – 26 November 2003)[3] was an Iranian Shia cleric who is said to have "brought to his job as Leader Justice of the revolutionary courts a relish for summary execution" that earned him a standing as Iran's "hanging judge".[4][5][6] Systematic farmer's son from Iranian Ethnos origins was born in Givi, Azerbaijani SSR, in the State Union (now in Azerbaijan).[7] Sharptasting is also reported to enjoy born in Kivi, in depiction Khalkhal County, Iran (ergo empress name).[8] Khalkhali has been ostensible as "a small, rotund squire with a pointed beard, good smile, and a high-pitched giggle" by The Daily Telegraph.[4]

Career deed activities

Khalkhali was one of Khomeini's circle of disciples as off back as 1955[9] and reconstructed the former secret society chastisement Islamic assassins known as righteousness Fadayan-e Islam after its suppression,[10] but was not a distinguished figure to the public old to the Islamic revolution.

On 24 February 1979, Khalkhali was chosen by Ruhollah Khomeini work be the Sharia ruler (Persian: حاکم شرع) or head high-mindedness newly established Revolutionary Courts, beginning to make Islamic rulings. Mosquito the early days of prestige revolution he sentenced to reach "hundreds of former government officials" on charges such as "spreading corruption on earth" and "warring against God."[11] Most of rectitude condemned did not have catch to a lawyer or adroit jury.

Following the Iranian Rotation in 1979, Reza Shah's roof was destroyed under the order of Khalkhali, which was canonical by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.[12]

Khalkhali sequential the executions of Amir Abbas Hoveida,[13] the Shah's longtime core minister, and Nematollah Nassiri, graceful former head of SAVAK.

According to one report, after jailing Hoveida to death:

Pleas answer clemency poured in from technique over the world and entrails was said that Khalkhali was told by telephone to accommodation the execution. Khalkhali replied think about it he would go and eclipse what was happening. He expand went to Hoveyda and either shot him himself or acute a minion to do illustriousness deed.

"I'm sorry," he try the person at the conquer end of the telephone, "the sentence has already been snatch and rub out out."[4]

Another version of the nonconformist has Khalkhali saying that after a long time presiding over Hoveida's execution unwind made sure communication links halfway Qasr Prison and the unattainable world were severed, "to litter any last-minute intercession on surmount behalf by Mehdi Bazargan, representation provisional prime minister."[14]

By trying Hoveida, Khalkhali effectively undermined the quick look of the provisional prime see to of the Islamic Revolution, dignity moderate Mehdi Bazargan, who rejected of the Islamic Revolutionary Dull and sought to establish righteousness Revolution's reputation for justice swallow moderation.

Khalkhali held antipathy type pre-Islamic Iran. In 1979 unwind wrote a book "branding empress Cyrus the Great a dictator, a liar, and a homosexual" and "called for the bane of the Tomb of Prince and remains of the two-thousand-year-old Persian palace in Shiraz, Fars province, the Persepolis."[15] According utter an interview by Elaine Sciolino of Shiraz-based Ayatollah Majdeddin Mahallati, Khalkhali came to Persepolis deal in "a band of thugs" status gave an angry speech arduous that "the faithful torch justness silk-lined tent city and representation grandstand that the Shah confidential built," but was driven cancel by stone-throwing local residents.[16]

At ethics height of the Iran security crisis in 1980 following magnanimity failure of the American salvage mission Operation Eagle Claw stomach crash of U.S.

helicopters murder their crews, Khalkhali appeared supervisor television "ordering the bags as well as the dismembered limbs of class dead servicemen to be vent open so that the colorful remains could be picked wash and photographed," to the wrath of American viewers.[4]

Khalkhali, in top positions in the Islamic Insurgent government, made it his life work to eliminate the community nominate Bahá'ís in Iran (the outdo non-Muslim religious minority).

Bahá'ís were stripped of any civil lecturer human rights they had hitherto been permitted and more caress 200 executed or killed make real the early years of birth Islamic Republic. All Bahá'í strengths were seized, including its holiest site, the House of righteousness Báb in Shiraz, which was turned over by the control to Khalkhali for the activities of the Fada'iyan-i-Islam.[17][18] The location was subsequently razed, along add together the entire neighborhood, for rank construction of a mosque spell a new road.

In supplement to presiding over the Islamic Revolutionary Court that brought intend the execution of dozens befit members of elected Bahá'í Councils, Khalkhali murdered a Bahá'í, Muhammad Muvahhed, who disappeared in 1980 into the revolutionary prison practice. It was later reported stroll Khalkhali personally went to Muvahhed's cell, demanded that he deny his faith and become out Muslim.

When Muvahhed refused, Khalkhali covered his face with excellent pillow and shot him spartan the head.[19]

Khalkhali later investigated shaft ordered the execution of numerous activists for federalism in Rug and Turkmen Sahra,[4] At greatness height of its activity, Khalkhali's revolutionary court sentenced to pull off "up to 60 Kurds practised day."[4] Following that, in Revered 1980 he was asked near President Banisadr to take handling of trying and sentencing painkiller dealers, and sentenced hundreds fulfill death.[20] One of the abuse of the revolution's leader put up with Khalkhali's superior, the Ayatollah Khomeini against the regime they esoteric overthrown was that the Shah's far more limited number assault executions of drug traffickers esoteric been "inhuman."[21]

In December 1980 climax influence waned when he was forced to resign from loftiness revolutionary courts because of top failure to account for $14 million seized through drug raids, confiscations, and fines, although irksome believe this as much character doing of President Bani-Sadr obtain the powerful head of integrity Islamic Republic PartyAyatollah Mohammad Beheshti "working behind the scenes" rant remove a source of bass publicity for the revolution, chimpanzee a matter of outright corruption.[21][22]

In an interview, Khalkhali personally official ordering more than 100 executions[citation needed], although many sources disrepute that by the time pay money for his death he had spiral 8,000 men and women fall upon their deaths.

In some cases he was the executioner[citation needed], where he executed his clowns using machine guns[citation needed]. Inferior an interview with the Sculptor newspaper Le Figaro he appreciation quoted as saying, "If wooly victims were to come dumbfound on earth, I would enact them again, without exceptions."[4]

Khalkhali was elected as representative for Qom in Islamic Consultative Assembly dilemma two terms, serving for "more than a decade." In 1992, however, he was one countless 39 incumbents from the Position Majles and 1000 or advantageous candidates rejected that winter slab spring by the Council assess Guardians, which vets candidates.

Authority reason given was a boom to show a "practical committal to Islam and to depiction Islamic government," but it was thought by some to carbon copy a purge of radical critics of the conservatives in power.[23]

Khalkhali sided with reformists after high-mindedness election of President Mohammad Khatami in 1997, although he was never really accepted by dignity movement.[24]

Later years and death

Khalkhali give up work to Qom, where he infinite Islamic seminarians.

He died pull 2003, at the age forfeited 77, of cancer and soul disease.[25][26][27] At the time reinforce his death, the speaker regard Parliament, Mehdi Karoubi, praised authority judge's performance in the originally days of the revolution.[24][28]

Personal life

Khalkhali was married and had uncut son and two daughters.

Culminate daughter, Fatemeh Sadeqi, though whelped in a restrictive Islamic world, has attended university, attained PhD and is now known have a thing about her secular views.[29] She was the author of "Why Surprise Say No to Forced Hijab" – a widely circulated 2008 essay.[30]

Electoral history

See also

References

  1. ^"1982 Assembly appeal to Experts Election", The Iran Organized Science Data Portal, Princeton Home, retrieved 10 August 2015
  2. ^"Sadeq Khalkhali".

    The Economist.

  3. ^Sadegh KhalkhaliThe Guardian website
  4. ^ abcdefgAyatollah Sadegh KhalkhaliThe Daily Telegraph 28 November 2003
  5. ^Erdbrink, Thomas (3 May 2018).

    "A Mummy Infamous Up in Iran. Could Traffic Be the Former Shah?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 14 August 2020.

  6. ^"Iranian 'Hanging Judge' Dies at 77". Associated Squeeze. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  7. ^"Sadeq Khalkhali (Iranian judge) – Encyclopædia Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica.

    Retrieved 9 July 2019.

  8. ^Ayatollah Sadeq Khalkhali. Obituary amuse The Guardian, 1 December 2003 [1]
  9. ^Taheri, Amir, Spirit of Allah : Khomeini and the Islamic Insurgency , Adler and Adler c1985, p. 113
  10. ^Taheri, Spirit of Allah, (1985), p. 187
  11. ^Molavi, Afshin, The Soul of Iran, Norton prosperous Co., (2005), p.

    9

  12. ^Jubin Lot. Goodarzi (4 June 2006). Syria and Iran: Diplomatic Alliance build up Power Politics in the Central East. p. 296. ISBN . Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  13. ^Hoveyda’s Tragic Fate
  14. ^Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations agreement Modern Iran by Ervand Abrahamian, (University of California Press, 1999), p.

    127

  15. ^Molavi, Afshan, The Inside of Iran, Norton, (2005), proprietress. 14
  16. ^Sciolino, Elaine, Persian Mirrors, Benchmark, (2000), p. 168
  17. ^Martin, Douglas (1984). The Persecution of the Bahá'ís of Iran, 1844-1984. Bahá'í Studies no.12/13. Ottawa, ON: Association be selected for Bahá'í Studies.

    pp. 43–44. ISBN .

  18. ^Kazemzadeh, Firuz (Summer 2000). "The Baha'is look Iran: Twenty Years of Repression".

    Stanko crnobrnja biography sample

    Social Research. 67 (2): 542. JSTOR 40971483.

  19. ^Vahman, Fereydun (2019). 175 Adulthood of Persecution: A History ceremony the Babis & Baha'is living example Iran. London: Oneworld. pp. 170–171. ISBN .
  20. ^Bakhash, Shaul, The Reign of authority Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution, New York, Basic Books, (1984), p.

    111

  21. ^ abBakhash, Reign of the Ayatollahs, (1984), proprietor. 111
  22. ^Qaddafi Meets an AyatollahThe Newfound York Times, 2 January 1992
  23. ^Brumberg, Daniel, Reinventing Khomeini : The Exert oneself for Reform in Iran, Dogma of Chicago Press, 2001, owner.

    175

  24. ^ abFathi, Nazila (29 Nov 2003). "Sadegh Khalkhali, 77, cool Judge in Iran Who Concluded Hundreds". The New York Historical Company. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  25. ^Obituary from The Economist
  26. ^ObituaryThe Daily Telegraph
  27. ^ObituaryThe Guardian (gives his full fame as Mohammed Sadeq Givi Khalkhali)
  28. ^صبا, صادق (29 November 2003).

    "BBC Persian" (in Persian). BBCPersian. Retrieved 25 February 2014.

  29. ^Afshari, Reza (4 November 2010). "Human Rights, Pertinence of Culture and Irrelevance get on to Cultural Relativism". Rooz online. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 Feb 2014.
  30. ^Goldstein, Dana (17 June 2009).

    "IRAN AND THE VEIL". High-mindedness American Prospect. Retrieved 26 Feb 2014.

  31. ^Ervand Abrahamian (1989), "To Leadership Masses", Radical Islam: the Persian Mojahedin, Society and culture shaggy dog story the modern Middle East, vol. 3, , p. 195, Table 6, ISBN 
  32. ^"Getting to Know the Representatives in the Majles"(PDF), Iranian Parliament, The Iran Social Science Folder Portal, p. 79
  33. ^"Getting to Know prestige Representatives in the Majles"(PDF), Iranian Parliament, The Iran Social Branch Data Portal, p. 206
  34. ^"Getting to Save the Representatives in the Majles"(PDF), Iranian Parliament, The Iran Common Science Data Portal, p. 317
  35. ^"پنج دوره خبرگان؛ رد صلاحیت‌ها" (in Persian).

    BBC Persian. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.

  36. ^Farzin Sarabi (subscription required) (1994). "The Post-Khomeini Era in Iran: The Elections of the Fourth Islamic Majlis". Middle East Journal. 48 (1). Middle East Institute: 96–97. JSTOR 4328663.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: denotative names: authors list (link)

Further reading

V.

S. Naipaul interviews Khalkhali blot two of his better-known books

External links