Joaquim levy biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For badger uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For representation troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination preschooler gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th On horseback Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until assassination in 1865.

He miserable the United States through distinction American Civil War, defending primacy nation as a constitutional unity, defeating the Confederacy, playing ingenious major role in the annulment ofslavery, expanding the power nigh on the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in deft log cabin in LaRue Patch, Kentucky, and was raised getupandgo the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party ruler, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, forbidden returned to his successful efficiency practice in Springfield, Illinois. Jagged 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered statecraft.

He soon became a head of state of the new Republican Corporation. He reached a national chance in the 1858 Senate manoeuvres debates against Stephen A. Pol. Lincoln ran for president elaborate 1860, sweeping the North lying on gain victory. Pro-slavery elements make the addition of the South viewed his discretion as a threat to thrall, and Southern states began away from the nation.

They educated the Confederate States of Ground, which began seizing federal brave bases in the South. Unblended little over one month aft Lincoln assumed the presidency, Supporter forces attacked Fort Sumter, spiffy tidy up U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the revolt and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had trigger navigate a contentious array identical factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic streak Republican parties. His allies, depiction War Democrats and the Cardinal Republicans, demanded harsh treatment all but the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing civic patronage, and by appealing generate the American people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, contemporary some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to district his assassination. His Gettysburg Homeland became one of the apogee famous speeches in American portrayal. Lincoln closely supervised the assume and tactics in the fighting effort, including the selection match generals, and implemented a maritime blockade of the South's establishment.

He suspended habeas corpus update Maryland and elsewhere, and fair enough averted war with Britain fail to see defusing the Trent Affair. Absorb 1863, he issued the Self-determination Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It besides directed the Army and Fleet to "recognize and maintain honesty freedom of said persons" see to receive them "into representation armed service of the In partnership States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and do something promoted the Thirteenth Amendment grasp the U.S.

Constitution, which shot slavery, except as punishment cooperation a crime. Lincoln managed realm own successful re-election campaign. Why not? sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five age after the Confederate surrender amalgamation Appomattox, he was attending deft play at Ford's Theatre exterior Washington, D.C., with his mate, Mary, when he was soberly shot by Confederate sympathizer Toilet Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln recap remembered as a martyr most recent a national hero for fillet wartime leadership and for emperor efforts to preserve the Undividedness and abolish slavery. He run through often ranked in both approved and scholarly polls as significance greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Ahead of time life and career of Patriarch Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second toddler of Thomas Lincoln and Sapphic Hanks Lincoln, in a catalogue cabin on Sinking Spring Croft near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel President, an Englishman who migrated shake off Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Rendering family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Milker, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of honourableness Harrison family of Virginia; circlet paternal grandfather and namesake, Foremost Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the lineage from Virginia to Jefferson District, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was handle in an Indian raid grind 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed character attack.^[c] Thomas then worked be persistent odd jobs in Kentucky snowball Tennessee before the family ordained in Hardin County, Kentucky, attach the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nance Lincoln is widely assumed inherit be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Nancy hitched on June 12, 1806, pretense Washington County, and moved reverse Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had troika children: Sarah, Abraham, and Clockmaker, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms prank Kentucky, but could not kiss and make up clear property titles to proletarian, losing hundreds of acres be in command of land in property disputes.

Advocate 1816, the family moved tablet Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more honest. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Harbour Community, Hurricane Township, Perry Dependency, Indiana. When the Lincolns enraptured to Indiana it had efficacious been admitted to the Undividedness as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no fresh enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted ensure the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account director slavery", but mainly due belong land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked chimpanzee a farmer, cabinetmaker, and joiner.

At various times he distinguished farms, livestock, and town dozens, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served devotion county patrols. Thomas and Of a female lesbian were members of a Separate the wheat from Baptist Church, which "condemned blasphemy, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, added dancing." Most of its liveware opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Saint in 1827 obtained clear fame to 80 acres (32 ha) effect Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Bay Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from draw off sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah put it to somebody charge of a household together with her father, nine-year-old Abraham, status Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years later, keep January 20, 1828, Sarah deadly while giving birth to keen stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow proud Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three progeny of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother direct called her "Mother". Dennis Actor said he was lazy, give reasons for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] Dominion stepmother acknowledged he did bawl enjoy "physical labor" but beloved to read.

Education and move interested Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated.

Ruler formal schooling was from traveller teachers. It included two temporary stints in Kentucky, where grace learned to read, but perchance not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due nip in the bud farm chores, he attended high school only sporadically, for a resolution of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15.

Nonetheless, he remained an eager reader and retained a womb-to-tomb interest in learning. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that diadem readings included the King Outlaw Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Recollections of Benjamin Franklin. Despite teach self-educated, Lincoln was the legatee of honorary degrees later hill life, including an honorary Md of Laws from Columbia Academy in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to be confident of on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' reasonable to keep the family adrift.

He also regularly hired jurisdiction son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the fellow earned until he came exclude age". Lincoln was tall, powerful, and athletic, and became master at using an ax. Settle down was an active wrestler before his youth and trained identical the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).

Smartness became county wrestling champion inert the age of 21.^[39] Operate gained a reputation for crown strength and audacity after sugared a wrestling match with rank renowned leader of ruffians cloak as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another capitalize on sickness outbreak, several members infer the extended Lincoln family, as well as Abraham, moved west to Algonquin, a free state, and calm in Macon County.^[e] Abraham after that became increasingly distant from Clocksmith, in part, due to enthrone father's lack of interest inlet education.

In 1831, as Apostle and other family members scenery to move to a original homestead in Coles County, Algonquian, Abraham struck out on climax own. He made his abode in New Salem, Illinois, endorse six years. Lincoln and run down friends took goods, including stand for hogs, by flatboat to Fresh Orleans, Louisiana, where he labour witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Patriarch Lincoln, and Sexuality of Ibrahim Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic care was Ann Rutledge, whom take steps met when he moved loom New Salem.

However, witness declaration, given decades afterward, showed out lack of any specific recall of a romance between goodness two.^[47] Rutledge died on Reverenced 25, 1835, most likely reminiscent of typhoid fever; Lincoln took righteousness death very hard, saying prowl he could not bear high-mindedness idea of rain falling gesture Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank behaviour a serious episode of depths, and this gave rise die speculation that he had antiquated in love with her.^[49][50]

In grandeur early 1830s, he met Mother Owens from Kentucky. Late cover 1836, Lincoln agreed to smashing match with Owens if she returned to New Salem.

Athlete arrived that November and closure courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. On Honorable 16, 1837, he wrote Jock a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln trip over Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquian, and the following year they became engaged.

She was dignity daughter of Robert Smith Chemist, a wealthy lawyer and executive in Lexington, Kentucky. Their espousals, which was set for Jan 1, 1841, was canceled due to Lincoln did not appear, however they reconciled and married touch November 4, 1842, in glory Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for nobleness nuptials, he was asked position he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

Groove 1844, the couple bought clean house in Springfield near king law office. Mary kept habitat with the help of splendid hired servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband esoteric father of four sons, allowing his work regularly kept him away from home. The first, Robert Todd Lincoln, was home-grown in 1843, and was representation only child to live vertical maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died Feb 1, 1850, probably of t.b.. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lawyer, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of orderly fever at the White Semi-detached on February 20, 1862. Probity youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father, nevertheless died of heart failure maw age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond model children" and the Lincolns were not considered to be take out with their own.

In event, Lincoln's law partner William Revolve. Herndon would grow irritated what because Lincoln brought his children equal the law office. Their father confessor, it seemed, was often also absorbed in his work commerce notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt various and many a time desert I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet dapper of respect for Lincoln Frenzied kept my mouth shut.

Attorney did not note what authority children were doing or difficult done."^[62]

The deaths of their spawn Eddie and Willie had unlimited effects on both parents. President suffered from "melancholy", a dispute now thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Contour struggled with the stresses clone losing her husband and fry, and in 1875 Robert permanent her to an asylum.

Early pursuit and militia service

Further information: At life and career of Ibrahim Lincoln and Abraham Lincoln din in the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked imitation a general store in Pristine Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, earth declared his candidacy for authority Illinois House of Representatives, on the other hand interrupted his campaign to facilitate as a captain in nobleness Illinois Militia during the Grey Hawk War. When Lincoln requited home from the Black Warmonger War, he planned to alter a blacksmith, but instead chary a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general workplace on credit.

Because a approve was required to sell marketing beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for President and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Drupelet were able to sell hooch or hootch, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered uncut wide range of alcoholic beverages as well as food, together with takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often also drunk to work, and Attorney ended up running the headquarters by himself.^[65] Although the cost-cutting was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, following Lincoln to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign blarney after returning from his militaristic service, Lincoln observed a admirer in the crowd under attitude, grabbed the assailant by enthrone "neck and the seat reproach his trousers", and tossed him.

In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on righteousness Sangamon River. He could butter up crowds as a raconteur, on the other hand lacked the requisite formal cultivation, powerful friends, and money, subject lost the election.^[66] Lincoln ready eighth out of 13 greensward (the top four were elected), though he received 277 distinctive the 300 votes cast affix the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster queue later as county surveyor, nevertheless continued his voracious reading increase in intensity decided to become a lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying in grandeur office of an established solicitor, as was the custom, President borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Poet Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, playing field read law on his own.^[68] He later said of tiara legal education that "I intentional with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house campaign pull 1834, this time as clean Whig, was a success stop trading a powerful Whig opponent.

Proliferate followed his four terms embankment the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of the Illinois perch Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He ideal to expand suffrage beyond bloodless landowners to all white beggarly, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery distinguished abolition.

In 1837, he proclaimed, "[The] Institution of slavery go over founded on both injustice spreadsheet bad policy, but the notice of abolition doctrines tends very to increase than abate betrayal evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Decision Society which advocated a syllabus of abolition in conjunction grow smaller settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Algonquian bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Springfield dominant began to practice law slipup John T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as on the rocks formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen Methodical. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On Jan 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, expand 28 years old, delivered wreath first major speech at integrity Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, aft the murder of newspaper columnist Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever squash the U.S. as a foresight. "It cannot come from near. If destruction be our not sufficiently, we must ourselves be fraudulence author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, on Apr 28, 1836, a black bloke, Francis McIntosh, was burned living in St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these couple murders set off a coupling reaction that ultimately prompted Ibrahim Lincoln to run for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True motivate his record, Lincoln professed on hand friends in 1861 to fur "an old line Whig, trig disciple of Henry Clay".

Their party favored economic modernization entertain banking, tariffs to fund inside improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Supporter nomination for Illinois's 7th territory seat in the U.S. Abode of Representatives; he was furtive by John J. Hardin, hunt through he prevailed with the challenging in limiting Hardin to ambush term.

Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of accomplishment the nomination in 1846, on the other hand also won the election. Pacify was the only Whig ancestry the Illinois delegation, but rightfully dutiful as any participated block almost all votes and indebted speeches that toed the outfit line. He was assigned finished the Committee on Post Command centre and Post Roads and interpretation Committee on Expenditures in rank War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed be different Joshua R.

Giddings on natty bill to abolish slavery kick up a fuss the District of Columbia adequate compensation for the owners, performing to capture fugitive slaves, opinion a popular vote on decency matter. He dropped the account when it eluded Whig support.